Environmental Erosion Research

fa ارزیابی صحت الگوریتم‌های طبقه‌بندی نظارت شده برای استخراج نقشه کاربری اراضی (مطالعه موردی: حوضه‌آبخیز تهم) Assessing the Accuracy of Supervised Classification Algorithms for Land ulUse Map Extraction (Study Area: Taham Watershed) روشهای نوین و دقیق در تهیّه نقشه فرسایش (سنجش از دور و سیستم‌های اطلاعات جغرافیایی) پژوهشي Research <a name="_Hlk101791475">یکی از عوامل مهم در مطالعات منابع طبیعی و محیط زیست، شناخت کاربری</a>ها و تعیین سطح گسترش آنها در منطقه است. دادههای ماهوارهای، یکی از سریعترین و کم هزینهترین روشهای تهیه نقشه کاربری اراضی است. پژوهش حاضر با هدف تعیین بهترین الگوریتم طبقهبندی تصاویر ماهوارهای لندست 8 مرداد ماه سال 1400، از بین چهار روش طبقهبندی نظارتشده به منظور استخراج نقشه کاربری اراضی حوضه آبخیز سد تهم انجام شد. در این مطالعه از روش طبقهبندی نظارت شده تصاویر ماهوارهای و چهار الگوریتم ماشینبردار پشتیبان استفاده شد و حداکثر احتمال، حداقل فاصله از میانگین و فاصله ماهالانویی، پنج کلاس کاربری برای منطقه شامل اراضی کشاورزی (26/3 %)، اراضی مرتع (85/89 %)، مسکونی (15/0 %)، پهنه آبی (19/1 %) و اراضی بایر (55/5 %) استخراج شد. همچنین نتایج نشان داد که الگوریتم ماشینبردار پشتیبان با دقت کلی 24/98 % و ضریب کاپا 969/0 ، به عنوان دقیقترین الگوریتم مشخص شد و الگوریتم حداقل فاصله از میانگین با دقت کلی 36/94 % و ضریب کاپا 9/0 ، دقت کمتری داشت. با استفاده از یافتههای این پژوهش میتوان فرسایش منطقه را تا حدود زیادی کاهش داد و از منابع موجود در منطقه به طور بهینه استفاده کرد که برآیند آن جلوگیری از کاهش کیفیت آب پشت سد برای مصرف آب شرب شهر زنجان و جلوگیری از ورود رسوبات بیشتر به دریاچه سد و کاهش حجم آن خواهد بود.      1- Introduction Remote sensing and Geographic information system have the capability of detecting and/or monitoring the features of the earth’s surface using satellite images and have different radiometric, spectral, spatial, and temporal resolutions. These technologies resolutions have several advantages in order to minimize the time and cost  of extracting Land cover and Land use (LULC). In addition, the remote sensing provides important and different kinds of remote data sources to extract LULC information. Remote sensing data are widely used and applied to perform classification of LULC in the world. Remote sensing data has the ability of updating information about all of the features located on the earth’s surface. The classification of remote sensing imagery is an important method in order to determine the LULC information. Classification approaches are divided into two categories:  pixel base and objected oriented base classifiers. The present study's aims are conducting land use classification by making a comparison between different algorithms in Taham watershed in Zanjan province. 2- Methodology In this research, Landsat8 satellite images (25 July) were used to perform preprocessing and processing steps. Geometric, radiometric and atmospheric corrections were used to eliminate the image noise. In the next step, for the existing uses in the region, first, field samples (160 educational points) were collected separately for each use in the region by using field visits and the Global Positioning System (GPS). Educational samples were divided into two categories, 70% of them were used for classification and 30% were used to accuracy of classification methods. After applying the image corrections according to the studied algorithms for each algorithm using EVVI 5.3 software and educational samples, the land use role for the study area was prepared. According to the sampling, five classes in the study area include agricultural land, rangeland, barren land, residential areas and waterbody areas. To evaluate the accuracy of the classified maps, the error matrix was calculated by using ENVI software. For this purpose, in the present study, the coefficients of Overall Accuracy, Kappa Coefficient, Producer Accuracy, User Accuracy, Commission and Omission had been used. 3- Results The aim of this research was to classify and map land-use/land-cover of the study area using remote sensing and Geospatial Information System (GIS) techniques and includes two sections, namely Land use/Landover (LULC) classification and accuracy assessment. In this study, the supervised classification and four algorithms (including SVM, MLC, MDC and MC) were used and then five classes for the study area including agricultural land (3.26), rangeland land (89.85), residential land (0.15), waterbody (1.19) and barren lands (5.55) were extracted. Also, the results showed the SVM algorithm with overall accuracy (98.24), kappa coefficient (0.969) as the most accurate, MDC algorithm with overall accuracy (94.36) and kappa coefficient (0.9) as the last priority in this study. According to the results of Tables 2 and 3, it can be seen that the percentages related to the five land use classes (residential areas, irrigated areas, agricultural lands, rangelands and baire lands) are mostly above 90%. This indicates that a high percentage of the pixels associated with these uses are properly classified. This study also presents essential source of information whereby planners and decision makers can use to plan sustainably measures for the environment.   4- Discussion & Conclusions Today, the use of LULC mapping is a vital issue for collecting data in urban planning, comprehensive watershed management, identification of effective factors, and environmental monitoring. The use of remote sensing technology with different satellite images is recommended as the best strategy for preparing LULC maps. By using different systems the limitations and capabilities of these images can be identified. The purpose of this study was to generate LULC thematic maps by comparing different algorithms, using maximum likelihood, minimum distance from mean, Mahalanobis and Support vector machine in Tham watershed in Zanjan province by applying Landsat 8 images. After performing all of the necessary corrections with the steps of preprocessing, processing and analysis of satellite images, four different algorithms were used to classify the satellite images. Support vector machine algorithm with an accuracy equal to 98.24% and kappa coefficient with an accuracy equal to 0.969 has the highes accuracy among other algorithms.  Of course, the maximum likelihood algorithm with 97.45% overall accuracy and kappa coefficient equal to 0.961 have the highest accuracy in extracting land use maps and the slightest difference with the support vector machine algorithm, respectively.  In other words, it can be said that the two support vector machine algorithms and the maximum likelihood have a high level of accuracy in extracting the land user maps. The two algorithms of Mahalanobis distance and minimum distance from the mean were ranked next. استفاده از زمین, تصاویر ماهواره‌ای, دقت کلی, سنجش از دور, ضریب کاپا. Land use, satellite imagery, overall accuracy, remote sensing, kappa coefficient. 141 157 http://magazine.hormozgan.ac.ir/browse.php?a_code=A-10-83-6&slc_lang=fa&sid=1 ghobad Rostamizad قباد رستمی زاد rostamizad60@gmail.com 10031947532846007577 10031947532846007577 Yes Soil Conservation and Watershed Management Department, Zanjan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Center, AREEO, Zanjan, Iran بخش تحقیقات حفاظت خاک و آبخیزداری، مرکز تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی استان زنجان، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، زنجان، ایران Zahra khanbabaei زهرا خان بابایی khanbabaeizahra7@gmail.com 10031947532846007578 10031947532846007578 No PhD in Geomorphology from the University of Tehran - Teacher of Education of Zanjan Province ژئومورفولوژی از دانشگاه تهران و دبیر آموزش و پرورش استان زنجان Mohammad Tahmoreth محمد طهمورث 10031947532846007579 10031947532846007579 No Soil Conservation and Watershed Management Department, Zanjan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Center, AREEO, Zanjan, Iran بخش تحقیقات حفاظت خاک و آبخیزداری پژوهشکده حفاظت خاک و آبخیزداری، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، زنجان، ایران