Environmental Erosion Research

fa بررسی‌ ارتباط میکوریزایی‌ با برخی‌ ویژگی‌های مرفوفیزیولوژیکی‌ گیاه و خصوصیات خاک به‌ منظور مهار گرد و غبار Investigation of Mycorrhizal Relationship with Some Morpho-physiological Characteristics of Plants and Soil for Dust Control مدلسازی و تحلیل زمانی و مکانی رخداد انواع مختلف فرسایش محیطی مستخرج از پایان‌نامه / رساله / طرح پژوهشی فرسایش بادی یکی از عوامل اصلی تخریب خاک و محیط زیست، آلودگی هوا، انتقال ذرات معلق و رسوب آن در شبکههای آبیاری و زهکشی است. طوفان گرد و غبار هنگامی رخ میدهد که بادهای غالب و قوی، ذرات خاک گسسته و خشک را با خود بلند و تا مسافتهای طولانی حمل کند. بهترین روش تثبیت مناطق حساس به فرسایش بادی و طوفانهای گرد و غبار، استقرار پوشش گیاهی است. با توجه به شرایط سخت مناطق بیابانی، استقرار پوشش گیاهی با مشکلاتی همراه است؛ بنابراین، همزیستی بین گیاهان و قارچهای میکوریز می&lrm;تواند بر تولید، زادآوری و استقرار پوشش گیاهی نتایج مثبتی به همراه داشته باشد. این پژوهش با هدف بهبود توسعه گیاهان در کاهش فرسایش بادی انجام شد. پس از نمونهبرداری از ریشه و خاک ریزوسفری گیاهان، نهالهای تاغ، گز و قرهداغ در دو سطح تلقیح با قارچ میکوریزا و بدون تلقیح، سه سطح بدون تنش آبی، تنش آبی متوسط و تنش آبی شدید و سه نوع خاک استاندارد، خاک شماره 1 (EC=0/5) و خاک شماره 2 (EC=6) در قالب طرح فاکتوریل به صورت کشت گلخانهای انجام شد. سپس آزمایشهای مربوط به تونل باد، بررسی خصوصیات مورفولوژیکی گیاهان و آزمایشهای مربوط به کلونیزاسیون قارچ میکوریزا بر روی ریشه گیاهان بررسی شد. در این پژوهش، تلقیح‌ قارچ میکوریزا به‌ طور معنی‌داری باعث‌ افزایش‌ صفات رویشی در هر سه نوع گیاه شد؛ به طوری که در گیاه تاغ به افزایش 18 تا 40 درصدی صفات رویشی و کاهش ده درصدی میزان هدررفت خاک، در گیاه گز به افزایش 20 تا 45 درصدی صفات رویشی گیاه و کاهش دوازده درصدی میزان هدر رفت خاک و در قره داغ به افزایش 21 تا 35 درصدی صفات رویشی گیاه و کاهش ده درصدی میزان هدر رفت خاک منجر شد.   <div class="WordSection1"> 1- Introduction Dust is one of the most important environmental challenges in recent years in the Middle East and Iran (Ghorchian et al., 2011). Studies show that in order to stabilize the soil to prevent the production of dust, mechanical methods can not always be used, but it is necessary to move towards biological methods. Therefore, in this study, the effect of mycorrhizal populations on some morpho-physiological characteristics of plants and soil in order to control dust had been investigated. In addition, based on the latest information sources and methods, as well as field visits and surveys, the necessary ground for this research had been provided. In the present study, the symbiotic relationship between the plants of Haloxylon aphyllum, Tamarix aphylla, Nitraria schoberi and mycorrhizal fungi was first confirmed. Then, the effect of mycorrhiza on plant species under normal and stress-free conditions was investigated In addition, the effect of mycorrhizal fungi on plant species under water stress and salinity, the percentage of colonization and the use of wind tunnels to estimate the soil strength of the inoculated sample in three soil types and under three types of water stress had been investigated. 2-Methodology The aim of this study was to improve plant development in reducing wind erosion. After sampling the soils of Rhizosphere, Haloxylon, Tamarix and Nitraria, seedlings in two levels of inoculation with and without mycorrhizal fungi, three levels without water stress, moderate water stress and severe water stress and three soil types: standard soil with ntutral Ec, Soil No. 1 with EC=0.5 and soil No. 2 with EC=6 were conducted as a greenhouse in a factorial design. By using wind tunnel tests, morphological characterization of plants and mycorrhiza colonization experiments on the roots of plants were studied. Mycorrhiza inoculation significantly increased shoot and root fresh weight, shoot and root dry weight, root area, root volume, shoot and root length, and decreased soil loss.</div> <div aria-label="Page Break" class="cke_pagebreak" data-cke-display-name="pagebreak" data-cke-pagebreak="1" style="page-break-after:always" title="Page Break" contenteditable="false"></div> 3-Results The results of comparing the mean of Haloxylon (increase of 18 to 40, decrease of 10%), Tamarix (increase of 1to3% and increase of 1to3%) and Nitraria (increase of 1 to 3% and decrease of 1%) indicate that the effect of fungus Mycorrhiza has been based on the vegetative characteristics of the plant and the amount of soil wasted. The interaction of plant species and water stress in Haloxylon plant also had a reduction of about 35% in vegetative characteristics relative to normal water stress and 15% relative to moderate water stress. Regarding the interaction of plant species and water stress in Tamarix, there was a decrease of about 18 to 35% in vegetative characteristics compared to normal water stress and 9 to 20% relative to water stress. Due to the interaction of plant species and water stress, Nitraria plant also had a reduction of about 25% in vegetative characteristics relative to normal water stress and 38% relative to moderate water stress. 4-Discussion & Conclusion In general, the results of the study on the percentage of colonization showed that with inoculation of mycorrhizal fungi, the percentage of colonization of mycorrhizal fungi increased compared to the control condition. According to the results of the study, the characteristics related to the biological performance of the plant such as fresh and dry weight, and root and plant height have been obtained. The increasing effect of mycorrhiza has been primarily attributed by various researchers to the increase in the area and expansion of plant roots due to the production of fungal fibers and the increase in the uptake of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, water and other nutrients, which in turn can lead to improvement in the photosynthesis, and growth and development of the aerial parts, and can, finally, increase the dry weight of the plant. Mycorrhizae increases plant and nutrient uptake due to effective increase in root uptake by hyphae. In addition, due to the effect of mycorrhizae on stomatal conductance, the photosynthetic rate of mycorrhizal plants is higher than that of plants not inoculated with mycorrhizae. In addition to increasing the plant growth and creating an extensive network of hyphae through nutrient uptake, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi have an important role in improving soil structure and aggregate resistance by secreting a glycoprotein called glomalin and reducing soil wastage.   تنش‌های آبی, گرد و غبار, قارچ‌های میکوریزا, همزیستی. Water stress, Dust, Mycorrhiza fungi, Coexistence 228 247 http://magazine.hormozgan.ac.ir/browse.php?a_code=A-10-880-1&slc_lang=fa&sid=1 Ayazi زهرا ایازی ayazi@alumni.ut.ac.ir 10031947532846007914 10031947532846007914 No Faculty of Natural Resources, Karaj School of Natural Resources and Agriculture, University of Tehran, Iran دانشکده منابع طبیعی، دانشکده منابع طبیعی و کشاورزی کرج، دانشگاه تهران، ایران Tayyebe Mesbahzadeh طیبه مصباح زاده tmesbah@ut.ac.ir 10031947532846007915 10031947532846007915 Yes Department of Arid and Mountainous Areas Restoration, Faculty of Natural Resources, Karaj School of Natural Resources and Agriculture, University of Tehran, Iran دانشکده منابع طبیعی، دانشکده منابع طبیعی و کشاورزی کرج، دانشگاه تهران، ایران Hosein Azarnivand حسین آذرنیوند hazar@ut.ac.ir 10031947532846007916 10031947532846007916 No Department of Reclamation of Dry and Mountainous Areas, Faculty of Natural Resources, Karaj School of Natural Resources and Agriculture, University of Tehran, Iran دانشکده منابع طبیعی، دانشکده منابع طبیعی و کشاورزی کرج، دانشگاه تهران، ایران محمد جوان نیکخواه jnikkhah@ut.ac.ir 10031947532846007917 10031947532846007917 No Department of Entomology and Plant Diseases, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Engineering, Karaj School of Natural Resources and Agriculture, University of Tehran, Iran دانشکده علوم و مهندسی کشاورزی، دانشکده منابع طبیعی و کشاورزی کرج، دانشگاه تهران، ایران Ebrahim Sedaghati ابراهیم صداقتی sedaghati@vru.ac.ir 10031947532846007918 10031947532846007918 No Department of Herbal Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Vali Asr University, Rafsanjan, Iran دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه ولی‌عصر رفسنجان، ایران