Environmental Erosion Research

fa بررسی تأثیر فرسایش ترکیبی بادی و آبی بر ویژگی‌های فیزیکی، شیمیایی و زیستی خاک در منطقه بمپور، استان سیستان و بلوچستان Assessment of the Impact of Combined Wind and Water Erosion on Soil Physical, Chemical, and Biological Properties in Bampur Region, Sistan and Baluchestan Province مدیریت و کنترل اثرات فرسایش محیطی پژوهشي Research در سال‌های اخیر، فرسایش خاک به‌ویژه در نواحی خشک و نیمه‌خشک، به‌عنوان یکی از مهم‌ترین تهدیدهای زیست‌محیطی مطرح بوده است. این پژوهش با هدف بررسی تأثیر فرسایش ترکیبی بادی و آبی بر تغییرات ویژگی‌های فیزیکی، شیمیایی و زیستی خاک در منطقه بمپور، واقع در استان سیستان و بلوچستان انجام شد. نمونه‌برداری خاک از عمق ۰ تا ۳۰ سانتی‌متر در چهار کلاس شدت فرسایش شامل بدون فرسایش، فرسایش کم، متوسط و شدید انجام گرفت. به‌منظور ارزیابی پاسخ خاک به این فرایندها، پارامترهای فیزیکی (بافت، جرم مخصوص ظاهری، تخلخل)، شیمیایی (اسیدیته، هدایت الکتریکی، کربن آلی، نیتروژن کل، فسفر، پتاسیم، رطوبت) و زیستی (فعالیت آنزیمی، کربن و نیتروژن زیست‌توده میکروبی، تنفس میکروبی پایه، جمعیت میکروارگانیسم‌ها و سهم میکروبی خاک) مورد سنجش قرار گرفتند. تجزیه و تحلیل آماری داده‌ها با استفاده از آزمون واریانس یک‌طرفه و نرم‌افزار SPSS انجام شد. نتایج نشان داد که شدت فرسایش ترکیبی بادی و آبی تأثیر معنی‌داری بر کلیه ویژگی‌های فیزیکی، شیمیایی و زیستی خاک دارد. بیشترین میزان تفاوت در ویژگی‌های فیزیکی مربوط به جرم مخصوص ظاهری و تخلخل بود که نشان می‌دهد این دو ویژگی به شدت تحت تأثیر فرسایش قرار می‌گیرند. کربن آلی در خاک‌های بدون فرسایش با ۵۵/۵ گرم بر کیلوگرم، بیشترین مقدار را داشت و با افزایش شدت فرسایش، این مقدار به‌طور معنی‌داری کاهش یافت. همچنین افزایش شدت فرسایش منجر به کاهش معنی‌دار شاخص‌های میکروبی خاک شده است. تفاوت معنی‌دار در سطح آماری ۱ درصد در تمامی متغیرها بیانگر حساسیت بالای ویژگی‌های زیستی خاک به فرسایش و کاهش چشمگیر کیفیت زیستی خاک در شرایط فرسایش‌یافته است. به‌طور کلی، فرسایش نه‌تنها حاصلخیزی و فعالیت میکروبی خاک را کاهش می‌دهد، بلکه عملکرد اکوسیستمی و ظرفیت ذخیره‌سازی کربن را نیز مختل می‌کند. بنابراین، اجرای اقدامات حفاظتی برای کنترل فرسایش و حفظ کیفیت پایدار خاک ضروری است. 1- Introduction In recent years, soil erosion, especially in arid and semi-arid areas, has been considered one of the most critical environmental threats, which reduces the productive capacity of ecosystems and disrupts their natural balance by causing extensive changes in the physical, chemical, and biological properties of soil systems. Soil erosion can lead to significant soil degradation in natural ecosystems. Wind and water erosion are the two main types of erosion that interact significantly with each other in arid and semi-arid areas. The amount of soil lost through combined wind and water erosion is greater than the amount lost due to each of the erosions alone. This study aimed to assess the impacts of combined wind and water erosion on the physical, chemical, and biological properties of soils in the Bampour region of Sistan and Baluchestan Province, southeastern Iran. 2- Methodology Soil sampling in this study was done in a completely randomized design. First, erosion and sedimentation maps available in the region were used to classify soil erosion intensities, including: no erosion, low erosion, moderate erosion, and severe erosion. Then, in each erosion region, four homogeneous areas with common physiographic conditions were selected. In each of them, five soil samples (one sample in the center and four samples in the form of a plus sign around it) were collected. Soil sampling was carried out from a depth of 0 to 30 cm. For each erosion site, samples collected from homogeneous areas were mixed to prepare a composite sample. Immediately after collection, the soil samples were divided into two parts. Part of the samples intended for measuring biological properties were transported to the laboratory in sealed containers to maintain the initial humidity conditions and in the vicinity of dry ice. These samples were not sieved and were stored in the refrigerator until the experiments were performed. The other part of the samples was used to measure physical and chemical properties after drying in the open air and passing through a 2 mm sieve. The data were subjected to one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) using SPSS software. Duncan's test with a 95% confidence level was used to compare the means. Also, the correlation between the studied parameters was analyzed in the R software environment. 3- Results The results indicated that erosion intensity significantly influences all physical, chemical, and biological soil properties. The most pronounced changes in physical properties were observed in bulk density and porosity, highlighting their high sensitivity to erosion processes. Analysis of variance confirmed that erosion intensity has a significant impact on key chemical parameters, including organic carbon, total nitrogen, available potassium and phosphorus, soil pH, electrical conductivity, and moisture content. Organic carbon concentration was highest in non-eroded soils (55.5 g/kg) and decreased significantly as erosion severity increased. Similarly, soil moisture content declined sharply from 19.9% in non-eroded soils to 7.3% under severe erosion conditions. Strong negative correlations were found between erosion intensity and organic carbon, total nitrogen, available potassium, electrical conductivity, and moisture, indicating that reductions in these soil fertility indicators are associated with increased erosion severity. Moreover, microbial biomass and enzymatic activities declined significantly with increasing erosion, reflecting the degradation of soil biological health. High F-values across biological parameters underscore the sensitivity of soil microbial communities to erosional disturbances and the consequent decline in soil quality. Correlation analyses revealed extremely strong negative relationships (ranging from -0.97 to -0.99) between erosion intensity and all measured biological indices, suggesting that robust microbial activity and biomass contribute critically to soil stability and erosion resistance. 4- Discussion & Conclusions Combined water and wind erosion exerts profound and widespread impacts on the physical, chemical, and biological properties of soils. Increased erosion intensity induces destructive alterations such as modifications in soil texture, reduced porosity, elevated bulk density, and decreased moisture content—ultimately leading to a significant decline in soil physical quality. Erosion also causes a marked depletion of essential soil nutrients, including organic carbon, total nitrogen, available phosphorus, and potassium, thereby impairing key soil chemical indicators and soil fertility levels.  Biological attributes—such as enzymatic activities, microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen, and basal microbial respiration—also decline under increasing erosion pressure, underscoring the high sensitivity of soil biological functioning to erosional processes. This degradation not only compromises surface soil structure and fertility but also disrupts vital ecosystem services such as nutrient cycling, microbial activity, and long-term carbon sequestration. Moreover, a decline in microbial populations impairs soil biological processes, weakening nutrient dynamics and limiting soil regeneration capacity. These cascading effects ultimately diminish soil productivity and ecosystem resilience. Therefore, identifying erosion-prone areas and implementing targeted soil conservation and restoration strategies is critical for mitigating erosion impacts and preserving soil quality and ecosystem sustainability.   فرسایش ترکیبی بادی و آبی, خصوصیات خاک, فعالیت زیستی میکروبی خاک, منطقه بمپور. Combined wind–water erosion, Soil physicochemical properties, Soil microbial activity, Bampur region 104 123 http://magazine.hormozgan.ac.ir/browse.php?a_code=A-10-1046-1&slc_lang=fa&sid=1 Morteza Saberi مرتضی صابری mortezasaberi@uoz.ac.ir 10031947532846009958 10031947532846009958 Yes Rangeland and Watershed Management Department, Faculty of Water and Soil, University of Zabol, Zabol, Iran گروه مرتع و آبخیزداری، دانشکده آب و خاک، دانشگاه زابل، زابل. Mohammad Reza Dahmardeh Ghaleno محمدرضا دهمرده قلعه‌نو mr.dahmardeh@uoz.ac.ir 10031947532846009959 0009-0007-3549-7511 No Rangeland and Watershed Management Department, Faculty of Water and Soil, University of Zabol, Zabol, Iran گروه مرتع و آبخیزداری، دانشکده آب و خاک، دانشگاه زابل، زابل. rasool khatibi رسول خطیبی rasoolkhatibi@uoz.ac.ir 10031947532846009960 10031947532846009960 No Rangeland and Watershed Management Department, Faculty of Water and Soil, University of Zabol, Zabol, Iran گروه مرتع و آبخیزداری، دانشکده آب و خاک، دانشگاه زابل، زابل. alireza shahriari علیرضا شهریاری ali_shahriari@eco.usb.ac.ir 10031947532846009961 10031947532846009961 No Department of Green Space, Faculty of Geography and Environmental Planning, University of Sistan and Baluchistan. Zahedan. گروه فضای سبز، دانشکده جغرافیا و برنامه ریزی، دانشگاه سیستان و بلوچستان. زاهدان. mehdi sarparast مهدی سرپرست mehdisarparast@gmail.com 10031947532846009962 10031947532846009962 No Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences & Natural Resources Gorgan , Natural Resources and Watershed Management Organization, Iran. دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی گرگان، سازمان منابع طبیعی و آبخیزداری.