2024-03-28T20:55:25+03:30 http://magazine.hormozgan.ac.ir/browse.php?mag_id=28&slc_lang=fa&sid=1
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Environmental Erosion Research Journal E.E.R. 2251-7812 2717-3968 10.52547/jeer 2018 7 4 Investigation of Effective Factors and Landslide Hazard Zoning Using Density Area, Analytical Hierarchy Process and Logistic Regression Methods in the Ashvand Watershed Alireza ildoromi ildoromi@gmail.com Hamid nouri hamidwatershed@yahoo.com Majid Mohammady Maryam mosavi ildoromi45@gmail.com EXTENDED ABSTRACT      Recognition of effective factors on landslide occurrence in the area leads to an important set of solutions to control and take suitable actions upon this phenomenon. This paper aims at recognizing such factors and also landslide occurrence and zoning landslide hazard, using density area, Analytical Hierarchy Process and logistic regression, and also investigating the accuracy of the proposed models through the Ashvand Watershed at Nahavand city. To this end, the author conducted a field study and also reviewed the related research that resulted to the identification of 10 factors as effective on landslides including: slope, aspect, elevation, distance from river, distance from road, distance from fault, distance from village, geology, land use, and precipitation. In the next step, the data layers for these factors and landslide distribution have been generated. The factors were prioritized using AHP method and weight maps were generated for each identified factor. Landslide hazard zoning maps were also prepared for all the three conducted methods. Finally, the output maps from the previous step were categorized into four groups including low risk, medium risk, high risk, and very high risk. Through the assessment of the zoning maps by means of the ROC curve, the authors concluded that the logistic regression with AUC 0/891 and AHP with AUC 0/844 are the optimal models for the aim of this study.   1- INTRODUCTION      If only one factor was causing a phenomenon in nature, it would be very simple to decide on it and to predict its occurrence, but in general, the phenomena in nature have many qualitative and quantitative factors. One of the most dangerous type of erosion phenomena can be mass and land slide movements that have a lot of financial dangers. According to the definition of the International Geological Engineering Association in 1990, the movement of land constituents, from slope downwards is called landslide or sloping instability. In Iran, landslide is one of the most important natural disasters that has a significant role in destroying communication roads, pastures, Gardens and residential areas, as well as erosion and transfer of high volumes of sediment in our country's catchment areas. Therefore, in order to manage and mitigate the risk, it is necessary to predict the occurrence and preparation of a landslide hazard zonation map, and this has led to the development of numerous empirical and statistical models emphasizing the use of the Geographic Information System (GIS). In the Ashwand Basin in Nahavand, due to the sensitivity of the area, the greatest amount of erosion is due to landslides. Therefore, the assessment and management of the region is necessary in order to compensate for any damage and injuries incurred. 2- Methodology      The watershed of Aswand is located in Hamadan province and northeast of Nahavand city with an area of ​​about 96/47 square kilometers and an environment of about 24/24 km. After reviewing the field and reviewing similar studies, 10 factors including slope, tilt direction, elevation, distance from the waterway, distance from the road, distance from the fault, distance from the village, geology, land use and precipitation were extracted as factors affecting the occurrence of the known landslide. Then, the ten layers of the data and the distribution of the landfall event were prepared. Using AHP, 10 factors investigated were prioritized. After drawing up weight maps for each factor, zoning maps were prepared in all three models, in which the maps were classified into four categories including low risk, medium risk, high risk and very high risk.   3- Results      In this study, we tried to determine the factors affecting landslide according to past studies as well as their existence. Selection of these factors plays an important role in the accuracy of the landslide zonation map in the region. The first step in zoning landslide is the recognition and selection of effective factors in its occurrence, which indicates the accuracy of the zoning map. The first step in the zoning of land scaling is the identification and selection of effective factors in its occurrence, which indicates the accuracy of the zoning map. According to the review of available resources and available data, 10 geological factors including land use, elevation, slope, slope direction, distance from the road, distance from the waterway, distance from the village, distance from fault and precipitation for zoning the land scarcity risk in the region were identified and classified. The purpose of this study was to determine the landslide hazard zonation using the three methods of AHP, surface density and logistic regression using operational maps. At first, the maps of the agent were prepared and, according to each method, a landslide hazard zonation map was prepared. Then, using three levels of surface density, AHP and logistic regression, a zoning map, and in the next step, other zoning maps were prepared. The results were categorized into four classes of low risk, moderate, hazardous and very high risk. The results of the evaluation of the models based on the ROC are presented in Figures 17-19. AUC below represents the predictive value of the system by describing its ability to accurately estimate events occurring (landslide occurrence) and its failure to occur. AUC values vary from 0.5 to 1. In these curves, as stated above, the most ideal model has the highest level below the curve, which is a logistic with a curve surface of 0.891 and AHP with a surface below the curve of 0.484 with a slight difference in the surface area under the curve. Ideal models are as much as 766/0 compared to the level-level congestion model. 4- Discussion & Conclusions In general, identification of the most important factors affecting the occurrence of landslide with the use of the AHP model is presented in Figure 3. Accordingly, the important factors in landslide occurrence are respectively: distance from fault, distance from the road, slope, distance from the village, geology, land use, distance from the waterway, altitude, precipitation and direction of slope. The density of landslides in each class of factors was investigated and it was determined that in each factor which class has the most slip. In considering the distance from the road, the maximum slip is less than 1000 m from the fault, because the fault is one of the most important tectonic factors that can potentially sensitize the slopes. In the study of the effect of the distance factor on the road landslide, it was concluded that in the distance of 1000-400 meters from the road, the highest slip is observed and the reason why the slipping distance is less than 400 meters is that the protective structures in this distance disturb the natural state of the area and the slope of the region, and create vertical cuts. In the study of slope factor, the maximum slip occurred in slope categories of 45-30 degrees and then 15-15 degrees. In the downward slopes, due to the rocky extent of the slopes and the small thickness of the detached materials, the occurrence of low-lying slopes is usually less and sloping slopes, due to lower shear stress, are usually less susceptible to ground occurrence. The distance from the village showed that the maximum slip occurred up to 1000 meters. The presence of the village in the area causes the disturbance of the gradient equilibrium, the creation of vertical cuts, the change of use around the village, and the compaction of the soil and its degradation. In the geological factor, the greatest slip occurred in the AN class (anidrite and gabbro), due to its high sensitivity to erosion and fragmentation of the existing minerals and formation of surface-shaped structures, which are sensitive to slip, water penetration and mass movements. The created land use in the area shows that a high percentage of landslides has occurred in the rangelands with the number of landslides in semi-dense, low-density rangeland and dense pasture, respectively. Investigating the distance factor from the waterway network showed that the slides occurred in the studied area at a distance of 200 meters from this complication. The reason for this is that the drainage is due to the river's dredging and erosion, which carries the material to the slopes and maintains the retaining factor from the slopes, and the rubbing of the wall along the river causes a collapse of the slope and, consequently, the instability of the slope overlooking the river. From the study of elevation classes, it was also found that the classes with an average height had the highest sensitivity to the slippage, due to the low rainfall in the lower floors and the phenomenon of glaciation and slowness of the clay process in the upper classes. In the results of precipitation analysis in the region, it was concluded that the greatest effect on slippage is, respectively, on the average rainfall levels (455-445 mm). The increase is expected to increase by more than 465 mm for reasons other than excavation, but the result shows that there is less slip in the classes with a rainfall of more than 465 mm, which can be due to other effective factors such as Gradient and geological factor or elevation of the area. In the southern slopes that are considered as slopes, they have the highest slip in comparison with other directions in the region, which can be due to weathering. In these slopes, the high humidity of the area, along with heat from the sunlight, provides suitable conditions for chemical weathering. The intensity of weathering is inversely related to the amount of adhesion of materials, which provides a ground for landslide occurrence. Using three models of surface density and AHP and logistic regression, zoning maps were prepared and the area was classified into 4 categories with low risk, medium risk, high risk and very high risk (Figure 4). Also, by evaluating research done using ROC and accuracy, it is shown in Figure 5 that the logistic regression model and then the hierarchical analysis process model have been used as important and efficient models in the zoning of ground-sensitive sensitivity. The study area is due to a combination of natural and human factors that have a great potential for earthquake occurrence. These landslides annually cause many damage to the road, residential areas, agricultural lands and other resources in the region. Fault factors, geology and network of inland waterways are irrevocable and the only way to prevent their damage is to not disturb these areas and avoid them. Road, village and land use planning and management factors can be prevented by stimulating and increasing movements in these areas by constructing a road based on environmental conditions and preventing the construction of unpredicted roads and proper use in these areas. . It is suggested that other models be used in this area in order to map the zoning and compare different models in order to determine the best model for zoning of landslide hazard and also to consider more effective factors in the region and economic losses caused by landslides and the costs of slip control are evaluated and calculated. landslide hazard mapping logistic regression density AHP watershed Ashvand 2018 2 01 1 23 http://magazine.hormozgan.ac.ir/article-1-309-en.pdf
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Environmental Erosion Research Journal E.E.R. 2251-7812 2717-3968 10.52547/jeer 2018 7 4 Mapping Spatial Variability of Soil Salinity Using Remote Sensing Data and Geostatistical Analysis: A Case of Shadegan, Khuzestan Donya Amini aminidonya2003@yahoo.com Mohsen Tavakoli tmohsen2010@hotmail.com Mahmoud Rostaminya mrostaminya@yahoo.com Extended abstract 1- Introduction Soil salinity is one of the most important desertification parameters in many parts of the world. Thus, preparing soil salinity maps in macro scales is necessary. Water and soil salinity as one of the contributing parameters in desertification, cause soil and vegetation degradation. Soil salinization represents many negative effects on the earth systems such as water and wind erosion, increasing dust storms, removing vegetation, reducing production capacity of the soils, etc. Most of the saline soils are located in the regions with hot and dry climates like Iran. One of the ways to combat desertification phenomenon is understanding effective factors in intensification. On the other hand, soil salinity measurement in laboratory is costly and time-consuming, especially in the large-scale regions. Spatial interpolation methods and satellite images interpretation can be used to map soil salinity with high accuracy in both temporal and spatial resolution. Remote sensing and geostatistics can play an important role in identifying the phenomena, mapping, time monitoring changes, controlling, modifying and finally managing soils salinity. The purpose of this study is soil salinity zonation and its trend investigation using remote sensing data and geostatistical techniques in Shadegan area.   2- Methodology Geostatistical techniques are generally used for spatial changes and they are useful for soil salinity investigation and results can be more valuable when they are coupled to remote sensing data. Interpolation methods can be done by many GIS programs and also remote sensing can be a useful tool for collecting the earth data of a broad area in a short time. These applications are more useful for impassable, dangerous and wide areas. Electromagnetic wave reflections are different in various lands and this is the basic principle of using satellite images for landscape interpretation. For mapping the soil salinity in the study area, 54 soil samples were used which have been sampled in 2006 using interpolation methods with the maximum likelihood of mapping the soil salinity. Some descriptive statistical analyses (e.g. mean, mode, variance, standard deviation, kurtosis, skewness) and the normality of the data were conducted using SPSS software. The interpolation methods including deterministic methods and geostatistical methods were used for mapping the soil salinity in ArcGIS software. In this study, deterministic statistical methods such as inverse distance weighted, global polynomial, radial basis functions and geostatistical methods (ordinary kriging and simple kriging) for soil salinity mapping were evaluated for the region. For this goal, the remote sensing data (bands, salinity indices and principal component analysis) were used for the satellite image of ETM+ from the nearest time to the sampling time, namely 2006. For studying the correlation between brightness of the pixel values and soil samples, the regression with the highest correlation with the sample points, was selected as the suitable method between the fit method and soil samples to establish the regression equation. Finally, regarding to the sampling points, supervised classification was used. Then, regression obtained equation was used for salinity map in 1990 and 2015 for soil salinity trend analysis investigation. 3- Results The results showed that the simple Kriging interpolation has the higher accuracy than the other methods for mapping the soil salinity. Among the geostatistical methods, simple kriging and ordinary kriging are similar in terms of accuracy, but the simple Kriging with spherical semivariogram model, compared to the other methods of soil salinity zonation is more appropriate in the study area. Study of the methods of salinity map showed that in 2006, the PCA123 method has the highest correlation with the sampling point compared to the real map of soil salinity. Trend analysis of soil salinity in 1990, 2006 and 2015 showed that the area of average and high salinity are reduced but the area of very high salinity‌ increased sharply from 1990 to 2015. On the other hand, the area with medium and high salinity classes has decreased and closed to zero in 2015, but the extreme salinity class has increased about 2.5 times more. 4- Discussion & Conclusions It can be concluded that satellite images, remote sensing data and geostatistical techniques are reliable tools for soil salinity studies. Increased soil salinity in the study area shows that the intense salinity of the southern part to the northern parts has slowly been moved. Abadan and Mahshahr in Khuzestan province are considered coastal areas except Shadegan city located in the southern part. In the coastal areas with low slope, transition of salt from the sea to the coastal area is acceptable but for other regions, other reasons are needed. Finally, it is suggested to use these methods and techniques for soil salinity investigation for the similar areas. Soil salinity Remote sensing Geostatistic Interpolation Shadegan 2018 2 01 24 43 http://magazine.hormozgan.ac.ir/article-1-402-en.pdf
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Environmental Erosion Research Journal E.E.R. 2251-7812 2717-3968 10.52547/jeer 2018 7 4 Simulating Optimal Scenarios of Urbanization Impacts on Flow Hydro-graph and Sediment Concentration in Ziarat Watershed, Iran mahtab forootan danesh mahtab.forootan@yahoo.com ehsan alvandi alvandiu_2010@yahoo.com abdolreza bahremand abdolrezabahremand@yahoo.com hosein zeinivand h.zeinivand@gmail.com Ghasem Mirzaei Extended abstract 1- INTRODUCTION Landuse change due to human activities is one of the important issues in regional planning. Considering the advantages and capabilities of the distributed hydrological models, they are appropriate for the survey of landuse changes as well as their quantitative estimates. Land evaluation methods are used to determine the compatibility of the land according to land capability, identification of effective factors on the floodwaters potential of the basins and zoning of the basins which are essential for runoff capability. The land is used according to their potential. For this purpose, the remote sensing data and geographic information system (GIS) were used to identify the factors affecting the flood potential and zoning of the basin in terms of flood potential. 2- THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK In this research, a hydrological distribution model of WetSpa is used to simulate the hydrological components. This study examines the Simulation of optimal scenarios of urbanization impacts on flow hydrograph and sediment concentration using WetSpa model in Ziarat watershed in Iran.  In this study, TOPSIS method and GIS were used to model the suitability of land for urbanization, providing optimal scenarios. 3- METHODOLOGY In this study, the basic WetSpa model inputs were the maps of a digital elevation model (DEM), land use and soil type in GIS raster format, and hydrometeorological data including hourly precipitation, evapotranspiration, temperature and sediment. In ArcGIS software, the distributed required maps for the model were extracted using the model input maps. Then, the model was implemented using these maps and data on rainfall, evapotranspiration, temperature, flow rate, sediment. With the help of the reference tables in the ArcView software environment, the spatial parameters of the model were determined in each cellular network. After modeling the suitability of land for residential development through TOPSIS and GIS methods, the effects of the optimal scenario of residential development on the hydrograph and sediment were assessed. According to expert opinions, three scenarios including the current state of the residential areas of the basin, the development of residential areas with alternative low forest cover, and the residential development with alternative crops were considered, and also WetSpa model was implemented through mapping the three scenarios. 4- RESULTS The accuracy of flow simulations based on the Nash-Sutcliffe model efficiency was 0.67.The evaluation of suspended sediment simulations for the calibration period based on the Nash–Sutcliffe criteria was 0.63 for the suspended sediment concentration. According to the assessment criteria considered in this study and using TOPSIS, 37 hectares of  Ziarat watershed area conditions are to create residential area. After running WetSpa model with the optimal scenarios, increased roughness coefficient reduced the flow velocity and runoff coefficient as well as the peak discharge watershed. Also, the amount of suspended sediment concentration and sediment transport was reduced to the current land use scenario. Thus, by applying the optimal scenarios, urbanization, flow hydrograph and sediment density showed better conditions in comparison to the current land use scenario. 5- CONCLUSIONS & SUGGESTIONS Changes in the flow hydrograph parameters are insignificant among the scenarios. After applying optimal scenarios, the extent of residential areas has decreased, which has led to a slight decrease in surface runoff and peak discharge in Ziarat watershed. By applying the optimal scenario, the amount of runoff coefficient has decreased slightly, which is a slight decrease in runoff coefficient due to a slight increase in penetration and evaporation. Also, the coefficient of roughness has increased slightly with the application of optimal scenarios, which is due to the reduction of the size of residential areas in the optimal scenarios. After applying the optimal scenarios, the flow velocity has been reduced slightly, which is a slight decrease in flow velocity due to a small decrease in the runoff coefficient and a slight increase in roughness coefficient. So, with the implementation of the optimal scenarios for the development of residential areas, hydrograph and sediment had better conditions than the scenario of the current state of residential areas. According to the results of this study and similar studies in Ziarat watershed, it is hoped that the authorities pay more attention to the crisis in the watershed and the increase in the indiscriminate and unprincipled residential areas in the watershed so as to prevent the unexpected consequences of the change before it can be prevented. Multi-Criteria Decision-Making Optimal Scenarios WetSpa Model Ziarat Watershed 2018 2 01 44 57 http://magazine.hormozgan.ac.ir/article-1-392-en.pdf
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Environmental Erosion Research Journal E.E.R. 2251-7812 2717-3968 10.52547/jeer 2018 7 4 Detection of Coastline Using Satellite Image-Processing Technique Mohammad Akbarinasab m.akbarinasab@umz.ac.ir Taher Safarrad safarrad.t@gmail.com Mehdi Akbarzadeh noembhd@gmail.com Extended abstract 1- Introduction  Coasts maintain their natural sustainability without human intervention and in spite of short-term changes, we are ultimately confronted with a coastal healthy environment, i.e. natural, rocky beaches, sandy beaches and so on. Today's use of remote sensing in most natural sciences is widespread. Due to the fact that fieldwork is costly and time-consuming, using image processing techniques can detect the phenomenon of these images. With regard to the advancement of computer sciences, various algorithms are being updated, which increases the detection magnitude of the phenomenon to be considered. The purpose of this study was to apply a number of edge detection methods, compare them and optimize the edge detection results for coastline detection based on the remote sensing data in the study area. 2- Methodology Edge detection is an image processing technique for finding the boundaries of the objects inside the image due to the difference in pixels brightness. In Matlab software, filters such as Sobel, Prewitt and Zerocross are used to find edges in the images of varying intensity (brightness) and in binary images. The data processed at Level-1 in Landsat sensor included DN. Due to the Sentinel-2A sensor data file name, the data were generated at Level-1C and included the reflection of each bands. Landsat imagery was used for the coastline detection process. Sentinel-2A data (reflectivity) was used in the process of evaluating the results. In this paper, three edge detection filters were implemented with Matlab software to detect the coastline on the image of NDVI more than zero (NDVI > 0) made of Landsat 8 bands that showed non-water sections in the image. To find the accuracy of the filter, a reference image was needed to calculate the result of each filter based on it. The reference image should be binary and indicate the location of water and non-water. For this purpose, a NDVI image was constructed from the Sentinel-2A bands. Pixel values more than zero were calculated from NDVI made of Sentinel-2A bands (NDVI > 0) to create a binary image. This image was used as a reference image. The best filter was also applied for NDVI > 0 images of two other Landsat sensors. The data processed at Level-1 on Landsats satellites were digital numbers (DN). Since these data were processed in the Pre-Collection and at the L1T level, they were calibrated radiographically, and were geometrically corrected, and did not need to be corrected. Sentinel-2A satellite data were generated at Level-1C containing high reflectivity images of each bar. Since these data were processed at Level-C1, they were calibrated radiometrically, and were geometrically corrected, and did not need to be corrected. Peak signal to noise ratio (PSNR) was defined by the MSE statistical index. If the PSNR was higher and MSE was lower, the corresponding filter was better. The PSNR was used as a quality scale between the reference image (signal) and the processed image. With this scale, between the three-edge detector filter, the best filter was selected. For PSNR, the reference image was used to compare the result of each filter. In this research, the signal was NDVI > 0 image made from the Sentinel-2A satellite data. A comparison between the reference image and the tested image was based on the location and pixel value from the peer-to-peer array between the two images in the orthogonal coordinate system similar to Cartesian. The evaluated image, representing the features of a location (in this study used map coordinate) was identical to the reference image, and the evaluation of the image with a location or different range of under cover with the reference image was not correct. In this study, the subsets with the same map coordinates were obtained, and then, after running some more processing on them, they were still at the same map coordinate. 3- Results Detection of various features of coastal zones is one of the important factors in the implementation and management of natural resources and the implementation of coastal projects. The purpose of this paper was to reveal the coastline and their changes in the Miankaleh region between 2001, 2009, and 2016. Three-edge detector filters were used on the processed images to gain the coastlines. The results of image processing and signal-to-noise calculations as well as the mean square error, comparing the image of NDVI > 0 from Sentinel-2 sensor and the filtered images, showed that the Zerocross filter was better than the rest. 4- Conclusions & Suggestions The results showed tangible changes with varying ranges on coasts and coastlines. These changes may be due to factors such as (1) the change in the level of the Caspian Sea during the study period, (2) the change in the coastal area, assuming that the Caspian Sea level was constant, etc. From 2001 to 2016, the changes observed on the northeastern coast of the Miankale peninsula was less. Coastal vulnerability from the factors such as rapid change in the sea level may vary from East to West of this area. This article provided some background information for future research on coastal conservation and management.   Coastline Edge detector Landsat NDVI PSNR Sentinel-2A 2018 2 01 58 81 http://magazine.hormozgan.ac.ir/article-1-406-en.pdf
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Environmental Erosion Research Journal E.E.R. 2251-7812 2717-3968 10.52547/jeer 2018 7 4 The Relationship between Geomorphic Characteristics and Watershed Sediment Yield: A Case of Selected Subwatersheds of Khorasan Razavi Razieh Motamedi motamedi.razieh@mail.um.ac.ir Mahmood Azari m.azari@um.ac.ir Extended abstract 1- Introduction Soil erosion by water is a dominant geomorphic process which threatens food security in most parts of the world .The geomorphic characteristics of a watershed play an important role in watershed hydrology, soil erosion processes and sediment yield. Geomorphic characteristics can be an indicator of soil erosion and sedimentation of a watershed. Geomorphic characteristics of watersheds are classified into linear, relief, and areal categories. Linear characteristics include stream number, bifurcation ratio, stream length and streams order. Relief characteristics include three-dimensional features of the watershed such as hypsometric integral, ruggedness number, and relative relief. Areal characteristics encompass morphological characteristics such as drainage density, stream frequency and watershed shape parameters. Accessibility to Digital Elevation Models and remote sensing data as sediment yield predictors simplify the calculation of the watershed geomorphic characteristics. The purpose of this study was to use the latest capabilities of geographic information system to extract the watershed geomorphic characteristics and determine their relationship with sedimentation in the subwatersheds of Khorasan Razavi province. 2- Methodology This study was conducted in 22 subwatersheds in Mashhad, Neyshabour and Fariman watersheds in Khorasan Razavi province. In order to select appropriate subwatersheds, the hydrometric and rainfall data for hydrometric and meteorological stations were obtained from Khorasan Razavi Regional Water authority for the selected watersheds. Annual sediment load was calculated using sediment rating curve method. Physiographic and geomorphic characteristics including 30 geomorphic parameters were calculated for each subwatershed using Digital Elevation Model with spatial resolution of 30 m. In order to determine the relationship between geomorphic characteristics and sediment yield of the subwatersheds, a multivariate regression stepwise analysis was used. In the multivariate regression, the important geomorphic characteristics which affected watershed sedimentation were identified and based on those parameters, the best annual sediment yield and geomorphic characteristics equation were presented. 3- Results The subwatershed areas under study vary from 40 square kilometers for the Chakaneh Olya to 9339 square kilometers for the Hossein Abad subwatershed. The average annual sediment yield for the studied subwatersheds during the period of 30 years varied from 1026 tons per year in the Jang subwatershed to 274572 tons per year at Hossein Abad watershed. The subwatersheds of Kalateh Rahman and Jang had the highest and lowest sediment yield, respectively, with 317 and 5 tons per square kilometers. The relationship between geomorphic characteristics and sediment yield of subwatersheds showed that the annual sediment yield had a positive correlation at the 5% confidence level with form factor and annual rainfall. The results of this study showed that the watershed shape parameters including form factor, elongation ratio and shape index had high correlations with sediment yield with the pertaining coefficients of 76.8, 76.5 and 72 percent, respectively. Also, the correlation coefficient of annual rainfall with annual sediment yield was 73.9 percent. After rainfall and form factor, elongation ratio was the third parameter that had a high correlation coefficient (76%) with sediment yield. In addition, watershed shape index which was a function of form factor was correlated with sediment yield at 72%.  Among these characteristics, the annual rainfall and watershed form factor were used in the stepwise regression in the final model and were selected as predictor variables for sediment yield. Study results showed that the annual rainfall and watershed form factor variables could predict 64% of the annual sediment yield of the studied watersheds. 4- Discussion & Conclusions The results of this study indicated that there was a significant relationship between the geomorphic characteristics of the studied watersheds and annual sediment yield. Watershed form factor was a dimensionless index for flood flow and movement, erosion severity and sediment transport capacity of watersheds. This factor was a function of watershed area and length. The runoff and the amount of flood peak in bigger watersheds will increase the sediment yield. Many researches have reported a high correlation between rainfall and sediment yield. Arid climate and poor vegetation coverage in the selected watersheds were the main reasons for the high correlation of rainfall and sediment yield. Soil erosion and sediment yield would increase due to the high intensity and low duration of rainfall along with the scarcity of vegetation coverage and erodible soils in this region. Overall, the study results indicated that with the development of new technologies and the possibility of extracting different physiographic and geomorphic parameters of watersheds from a Digital Elevation Model, it is possible to present regional equations for the prediction of sediment yield using geomorphic characteristics that can be used in sediment control and Watershed Management Programs. GIS Khorasan Razavi Multivariate regression Quantitative Geomorphology Sediment yield 2018 2 01 82 101 http://magazine.hormozgan.ac.ir/article-1-423-en.pdf
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Environmental Erosion Research Journal E.E.R. 2251-7812 2717-3968 10.52547/jeer 2018 7 4 The Role of Microfinance Intermediation in Empowering Rural Women and Reducing the Socio-Economic Impacts of Dust Storm: A Case of South Khorasan International Carbon Project mohamad javad nematolahi javad.nematolahi@gmail.com hasan kaboli hkaboli@semann.ac.ir mohamad reza yazdani m_yazdani@semnan.ac.ir yaser mohamadi mohammadi.62y@gmail.com Extended abstract 1- Introduction Today, dust storms are one of the natural hazards that affect the comfort and life of the inhabitants of the areas exposed to them. Hussein Abad Ghaynab, the site of the International Carbon Sourcing Project, located near the Afghanistan border, has a dry and fragile climate exposed to 120-day winds of Sistan. Due to the presence of Afghan refugees in the region in the 1360s who were planting for cooking, along with the livelihoods of the livestock, the desert meadows of this plain were severely degraded, which caused the decay of vegetation to exacerbate the wind erosion caused by the wind 120-day old Sistan. Carbon Sequestration Project (CSP) is a joint initiative of Iran’s Forest, Range and Watershed Organization, the Global Environment Facility (GEF) and Unit Nation Development Program (UNDP). The project aims to reduce global greenhouse gas emissions and climate change, the national goal of reducing desertification and dust as well as the regional goal of mobilizing local communities and empowering rural communities to improve their social, economic and poverty alleviation. Accordingly, rural immigration began to work. The project has been instrumental in empowering the local community to manage pastures and economic activities, and by relying on specific strategies such as engaging participatory rural women, it used this community as a permanent associate in the management and rehabilitation of pastures in the region. The main objective of this project is the sustainability of natural resources, especially in the areas rehabilitated by reducing the village's dependence on natural resources by skill and non-skill training, creating alternative livelihoods with job empowerment and addressing villagers in the region, especially rural women. The purpose of this study is to examine the role of micro-credit intermediation on the empowerment of rural women and to reduce the socio-economic impacts of dust storms.     2- Methodology The present research has an applied objective which has been done by descriptive-analytical method. The sampling method is the census or the whole number of women receiving the credits. The data gathering tool in this research is a researcher-made questionnaire. The sampling method is the census or the total number of women receiving the credits. The data gathering tool in this research is a researcher-made questionnaire. The first part of the questionnaire is related to the information related to trusted credit funds, such as the duration of membership in trusted funds, how to get acquainted with micro-funds, and the amount of loans received. The cost of borrowing, the satisfaction of the loan repayment period, and the individual characteristics of respondents such as age, education, family members, source of family income before membership, and family income. The second part of the questionnaire consists of each dimension of empowerment (impact on family decision-making, situation in society, political, economic and effect on self-esteem), which were designed in Likert scale. In order to ensure the validity of the questionnaire, the research committee examined and verified the various dimensions of the questionnaire. The reliability level of the questionnaire was obtained using Cronbach alpha (0.952), indicating a high index.   3 – Results   Two variables such as age of the members and loan adequacy in all dimensions of empowerment were significant and positive. The results of this study showed that the granted micro-credits improved the socio-economic conditions of rural women, so that the granted credits had the most significant impact on the rural dimension of rural empowerment. It showed that with the variables such as monthly income, age, membership in microfinance, the adequacy of the loan, the amount of loans and the level of education of rural women had a positive and significant relationship. In other words, the greatest impact of these credits on the economic empowerment of rural women indicated that rural women were able to provide new income for their families and reduce the dependence of their households on rangeland and contribute to the rehabilitation of pastures, resulting in dust reduction. 4- Discussion & Conclusions Based on the results, the most significant impact of these credits on the economic empowerment of rural women was that rural women were able to provide new revenues for their households and reduce the dependence of their households on rangeland and contribute to the rehabilitation of rangelands. The results of the research indicated the rural livelihood dependency on the rangeland, so that the occupation included 70% of the rural women's livestock spouses. Therefore, the necessity of empowerment of rural women and increasing income of rural households and consequently the reduction of pasture dependency and carbon sequestration were felt more. The average age of members trusting microfinance indicated that young rural women belonging to microfinance funds acknowledged that they were looking for decent jobs and income for their households. Based on the results, rural women by using microfinance funds were able to provide new income for their families and reduce their dependence on rangeland and contribute to the rehabilitation of pastures, which resulted in a reduction of dust. Microfinance rural women dust storm 2018 2 01 102 116 http://magazine.hormozgan.ac.ir/article-1-429-en.pdf