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E.E.R. 2024, 14(3): 66-82 |
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Ghalesardi Gonjanak A, Elmizadeh H, Abbasi A, soleymani A. Evaluation of TWI index and TOPMODEL hydrological model in erosion and runoff (case study: Maroon basin in southwest Iran). E.E.R. 2024; 14 (3) :66-82
URL: http://magazine.hormozgan.ac.ir/article-1-800-en.html
URL: http://magazine.hormozgan.ac.ir/article-1-800-en.html
Marin Geology Department, Khorramshahr University of Marine Science and Technology, Khorramshahr, Iran , Elmizadeh@kmsu.ac.ir
Abstract: (1517 Views)
1- Introduction
The topography is, directly and indirectly, affects the geomorphic processes and hydrological behavior of the slope (Prancevic and Kirchner, 2019), therefore, quantitative correlation of topography features is possible due to deposition and runoff production and predicting the spatial distribution of soil and surface deposits (McKenzie and Ryan, 1999). different shapes and sides of slopes in the drainage basin affect the time of runoff movement on the slopes and drainage networks and the basin response, such as time, equilibrium, retardation time, concentration-time, and hydrograph peak time. These temporal features constitute an important part of the hydrological modeling of the watershed. Considering that most of rainfall-runoff models relate to runoff traverse times at the slopes surface, it is easy to study the topography effect on runoff features such as river discharge estimators, flood forecasting, peak flow, runoff volume, and water resource management (Merheb et al., 2016; Mlynski et al., 2019). In terms of morphodynamic conditions, the topography is directly related to erosion and sedimentation processes. Topographic wetness index theory (TWI) is designed as an important and all-purpose feature in the rainfall-runoff model to measure the effect and topography controlling on hydrological processes (Calogero et al., 2015; Jeziorska and Niedzielski, 2018; Xue et al., 2018). This model simulates the interaction of groundwater and surface water with topography to determine which regions are prone to saturation of the earth and thus have a high potential for surface accumulation water (Ballerine, 2017) and can be expressed quantitatively as a physical indicator the effect of the topography of watersheds slopes on the mechanism of substructure flow (groundwater), runoff production, the spatial distribution of soil moisture and the ability of soil moisture deficiency to saturation state at each point in the range and level of the basin. (Beven and Kirkby 1979; O'Loughlin 1986; Barling et al. 1994; Qiu et al., 2017).
2- Methodology
The Maroon River drainage basin, with an area of 7228 square kilometers and an area of 802 kilometers, covers the central part of the Jarahi-Zohreh basin. The Jarahi-Zohreh basin is itself a large part of the Persian Gulf-Oman Sea basin, which its drainage network pours into the northwest part of the Persian Gulf (Fig. 1). In this study, the based data obtained have formed 30 m SRTM DEM data, 1:50000 topographic maps, geological maps of 1:100000, aerial photos, Landsat satellite imagery, Google Earth, and field visits and ArcGIS10.3, QGIS, and SAGA software. To estimate topographic indices, first, it is processed the DEM data file and the stream network of the study basin in the SAGA software environment and then topographic basin indices based on DEM data were calculated and analyzed by the existing functions of this software. In the continuation, slopes of the Maroon basin were classified into nine different types based on two indices of plan shape (divergence, convergence, parallel) and profile (curvature) slopes profile (concave, convex, and flat) (Fig. 2) and the obtained amount of TWI index was analyzed in them. a: The hydrological model (TOPMODEL) is a semi-distributed model where the topography changes of the region and participating levels play a major role in the runoff, assuming that hydraulic gradient can be estimated using the land topography gradient (Ballerine, 2017). The topographic information used in this model is introduced as a topographic moisture indicator and can express the topography effect on runoff production and slope movements quantitatively. These values are calculated using the digital elevation model (DEM) of the studied area and by measuring the flow direction, current accumulation, gradient, and different geometrical characteristics obtained from Arc Hydro software. The final result is a Raster layer which shows pathways (regions) with drainage ditches where water is likely to accumulate there (Ballerine, 2017).
3- Results
The results of basin type stud show that the first-class waterways flow mostly in divergent basins with flat curvature. The second, third, and fourth classes of the basin flow in the concave and parallel basin, and the fifth and sixth classes flow in convex and convergent basins (Table 1). In divergent slopes of the basin, the topographic moisture index has been reduced and in convex and convergent basins, the topographic moisture index increases. Furthermore, the TWI index has a high inverse correlation with the degree gradient and average height of the river (-0.97). This index decreases with the increasing gradient and height of waterways (Table 2). In the trimming basins, the increasing general gradient has led to an acceleration of water flow, thus the time required for penetrating water flow and rainfalls is decreased and the concentration-time is decreased too, and correspondingly amount of erosion and water wasting is increased.
4- Discussion & Conclusions
The results of the study show that the topographic features of the basin-like the slope plan and longitudinal profile of the slope play a decisive role in hydrological processes and runoff time features and slope response time. These features not only directly affect geomorphological and hydrological conditions like annual runoff, flood volume, soil erosion intensity, and sediment production, but also indirectly effects the climate, ecological situation, and vegetation, as well as effects on the water situation in the basin. The results of the basin slope type study are such that the divergent slopes are the lowest amount in the topographic moisture index. Surface water and subsurface water is not concentrated, they spread, and pass slopes water rapidly. the results showed that there is a significant relationship between hydrological processes with the topography and geomorphology indices and can be used as a variable to simulate the moisture state of the Maroon basin area, which is an example of an indirect and low-cost approach to study the hydrological and geomorphological features of the region. the consistency of this index to local soil conditions is a certain advantage over the existing methods and in detailed application programs it needs to perform more activity and perform adaptive studies. Therefore, knowledge of these indices and features in terms of impact on the variability of soil hydraulic features and surface Sediment is necessary to achieve sustainable development and reorganization of the region.
The topography is, directly and indirectly, affects the geomorphic processes and hydrological behavior of the slope (Prancevic and Kirchner, 2019), therefore, quantitative correlation of topography features is possible due to deposition and runoff production and predicting the spatial distribution of soil and surface deposits (McKenzie and Ryan, 1999). different shapes and sides of slopes in the drainage basin affect the time of runoff movement on the slopes and drainage networks and the basin response, such as time, equilibrium, retardation time, concentration-time, and hydrograph peak time. These temporal features constitute an important part of the hydrological modeling of the watershed. Considering that most of rainfall-runoff models relate to runoff traverse times at the slopes surface, it is easy to study the topography effect on runoff features such as river discharge estimators, flood forecasting, peak flow, runoff volume, and water resource management (Merheb et al., 2016; Mlynski et al., 2019). In terms of morphodynamic conditions, the topography is directly related to erosion and sedimentation processes. Topographic wetness index theory (TWI) is designed as an important and all-purpose feature in the rainfall-runoff model to measure the effect and topography controlling on hydrological processes (Calogero et al., 2015; Jeziorska and Niedzielski, 2018; Xue et al., 2018). This model simulates the interaction of groundwater and surface water with topography to determine which regions are prone to saturation of the earth and thus have a high potential for surface accumulation water (Ballerine, 2017) and can be expressed quantitatively as a physical indicator the effect of the topography of watersheds slopes on the mechanism of substructure flow (groundwater), runoff production, the spatial distribution of soil moisture and the ability of soil moisture deficiency to saturation state at each point in the range and level of the basin. (Beven and Kirkby 1979; O'Loughlin 1986; Barling et al. 1994; Qiu et al., 2017).
2- Methodology
The Maroon River drainage basin, with an area of 7228 square kilometers and an area of 802 kilometers, covers the central part of the Jarahi-Zohreh basin. The Jarahi-Zohreh basin is itself a large part of the Persian Gulf-Oman Sea basin, which its drainage network pours into the northwest part of the Persian Gulf (Fig. 1). In this study, the based data obtained have formed 30 m SRTM DEM data, 1:50000 topographic maps, geological maps of 1:100000, aerial photos, Landsat satellite imagery, Google Earth, and field visits and ArcGIS10.3, QGIS, and SAGA software. To estimate topographic indices, first, it is processed the DEM data file and the stream network of the study basin in the SAGA software environment and then topographic basin indices based on DEM data were calculated and analyzed by the existing functions of this software. In the continuation, slopes of the Maroon basin were classified into nine different types based on two indices of plan shape (divergence, convergence, parallel) and profile (curvature) slopes profile (concave, convex, and flat) (Fig. 2) and the obtained amount of TWI index was analyzed in them. a: The hydrological model (TOPMODEL) is a semi-distributed model where the topography changes of the region and participating levels play a major role in the runoff, assuming that hydraulic gradient can be estimated using the land topography gradient (Ballerine, 2017). The topographic information used in this model is introduced as a topographic moisture indicator and can express the topography effect on runoff production and slope movements quantitatively. These values are calculated using the digital elevation model (DEM) of the studied area and by measuring the flow direction, current accumulation, gradient, and different geometrical characteristics obtained from Arc Hydro software. The final result is a Raster layer which shows pathways (regions) with drainage ditches where water is likely to accumulate there (Ballerine, 2017).
3- Results
The results of basin type stud show that the first-class waterways flow mostly in divergent basins with flat curvature. The second, third, and fourth classes of the basin flow in the concave and parallel basin, and the fifth and sixth classes flow in convex and convergent basins (Table 1). In divergent slopes of the basin, the topographic moisture index has been reduced and in convex and convergent basins, the topographic moisture index increases. Furthermore, the TWI index has a high inverse correlation with the degree gradient and average height of the river (-0.97). This index decreases with the increasing gradient and height of waterways (Table 2). In the trimming basins, the increasing general gradient has led to an acceleration of water flow, thus the time required for penetrating water flow and rainfalls is decreased and the concentration-time is decreased too, and correspondingly amount of erosion and water wasting is increased.
4- Discussion & Conclusions
The results of the study show that the topographic features of the basin-like the slope plan and longitudinal profile of the slope play a decisive role in hydrological processes and runoff time features and slope response time. These features not only directly affect geomorphological and hydrological conditions like annual runoff, flood volume, soil erosion intensity, and sediment production, but also indirectly effects the climate, ecological situation, and vegetation, as well as effects on the water situation in the basin. The results of the basin slope type study are such that the divergent slopes are the lowest amount in the topographic moisture index. Surface water and subsurface water is not concentrated, they spread, and pass slopes water rapidly. the results showed that there is a significant relationship between hydrological processes with the topography and geomorphology indices and can be used as a variable to simulate the moisture state of the Maroon basin area, which is an example of an indirect and low-cost approach to study the hydrological and geomorphological features of the region. the consistency of this index to local soil conditions is a certain advantage over the existing methods and in detailed application programs it needs to perform more activity and perform adaptive studies. Therefore, knowledge of these indices and features in terms of impact on the variability of soil hydraulic features and surface Sediment is necessary to achieve sustainable development and reorganization of the region.
Received: 2023/06/11 | Published: 2024/10/1
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