year 13, Issue 4 (Winter 2023)
E.E.R. 2023, 13(4): 130-152 |
Back to browse issues page
Download citation:
BibTeX | RIS | EndNote | Medlars | ProCite | Reference Manager | RefWorks
Send citation to:
BibTeX | RIS | EndNote | Medlars | ProCite | Reference Manager | RefWorks
Send citation to:
Bahrami A, Yavari A, Raheb A. Variation in Physico-chemical Properties of Soil in Different Natural Habitats of Rangeland Medicinal Species:
Salvia macrosiphon Boiss. E.E.R. 2023; 13 (4) :130-152
URL: http://magazine.hormozgan.ac.ir/article-1-810-en.html
URL: http://magazine.hormozgan.ac.ir/article-1-810-en.html
Horticulture Science Department, Faculty of Agriculture & Natural Resources, University of Hormozgan, BandarAbbas, Iran , yavari@hormozgan.ac.ir
Abstract: (1693 Views)
1- Introduction
Soil erosion has been increasing in Iran in the last decade due to the lack of optimal use of pasture and forest lands. This factor destroys the ecological conditions suitable for the life of organisms while wasting the soil and producing sediment. Preservation and development of vegetation in pastures, such as medicinal plants, plays a significant role in preventing soil erosion. Salvia macrosiphon Boiss is a perennial species and has an essential oil plant of the Lamiaceae family, which is traditionally used in the treatment of respiratory diseases, depression and urinary tracts. Considering that in recent years, due to the economic and export value of this species, its natural habitats have been overexploited, and also due to climate changes and extensive droughts of the past few years, as well as harvesting in this way, the process of soil erosion in its natural habitats has been accelerated. Therefore, the present study was conducted with the aim of investigating 19 ecological attributes of the main habitats of S. macrosiphon in Fars and Hormozgan provinces.
2- Methodology
In the current study, the natural habitats of this species were determined by using Flora Iranica and with the assistance of Hormozgan Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization experts. Characteristics of five habitats in Fars province (including Kazeroon, Farashband, Dehram, Evaz and Jahrom) and three habitats in Hormozgan province (including ZahedMahmoud, Bekhan and Sirmand) were studied. The climatic features of each natural habitat such as latitude and longitude, altitude, mean annual temperature, minimum and maximum temperature, and mean annual precipitation were recorded. From each habitat, three soil samples were taken from a depth of 0-30 cm. The percentages of clay, silt, sand, pH, electrical conductivity (EC), organic carbon, absorbable phosphorus, absorbable potassium, total nitrogen, calcium carbonate equivalent (CCE), absorbable iron, absorbable zinc, absorbable manganese and absorbable copper were measured. To analyze the studied environmental factors and the measured soil parameters, the multivariate analysis method including Pearson correlation coefficient of traits, decomposition into principal components and cluster analysis was used by SPSS ver. 26 software.
3- Results
The results revealed that S. macrosiphon was distributed at an altitude of 400 to 1550 meters above sea level in Kazeroon, Farashband, Dehram, Evaz, Jahrom, ZahedMahmoud, Bekhan and Sirmand natural habitats and on the slope between 0 to 20%. The maximum and minimum annual rainfall were recorded as 156.2 and 387.7 mm, respectively. The average annual temperature was recorded at 24.5 °C and also, the minimum and maximum temperatures were -3.8 and +49.5, respectively. This species grows in the loam, sandy loam and silt loam soil textures with a pH of 7.7-8.4, an EC of 0.47-6.87 dS/m. Furthermore, it was found that S. macrosiphon was spread in non-saline and saline soils (electrical conductivity 0.47 to 6.87 dS/m). The soil in which the species was grown in the studied areas was poor in terms of available potassium content (46 to 302 ppm). The highest concentration of absorbable Fe (6.7 mg/kg) in Farashband habitat, absorbable Zn (3.8 mg/kg) in Kazeroon habitat, absorbable Mn (0.28 mg/kg) in Kazeroon habitat and absorbable Cu (0.2 mg/kg) was observed in Zahedmahmoud habitat. On the other hand, the lowest concentration of absorbable Fe (1.5 mg/kg), absorbable Zn (0.6 mg/kg) and absorbable Mn (3.3 mg/kg) was observed in Dehram habitat. Also, the lowest amount of absorbable Cu (0.3 mg/kg) was obtained in the two habitats of Dehram and Evaz. Using cluster analysis, habitats were divided into four clusters according to which habitats with common characteristics were placed in the same group.
4- Discussion & Conclusions
The findings of this study showed that S. macrosiphon is resistant to hot and dry conditions. The two habitats of Dehram and Zahedmahmoud are prone to flooding due to the high percentage of silt in the soil texture. A high percentage of silt increases soil runoff during rainfall because the silt texture of the soil is one of the factors that prevents water from penetrating the soil. If the percentage of silt in the soil texture is high, the soil can absorb less water, and as a result, more water flows during rainfall, which can lead to soil erosion. The lack of absorbable phosphorus and potassium, as well as the lack of nitrogen and organic carbon, are the most obvious attributes of the soil of the S. macrosiphon habitats, which may cause limitations in its growth. The parent material of the soils of the studied areas originates from calcite limestone. In areas where the soil is calcareous, the temperature and pH are high. Based on the estimated Pearson correlation coefficient between the traits, it was determined that the higher organic carbon soil will have the higher amount of nitrogen. The presence of organic matter and the amount of nutrients have a direct relationship. This means that wherever the amount of organic matter is higher, the amount of nutrients is also higher. On the other hand, an increase in temperature leads to a decrease in soil organic matter. The results of analysis into the main components led to the extraction of five factors, which, according to the effectiveness of the variables, the selection based on the first component will lead to habitats with heavier soil texture and higher potassium concentration, which can provide a possibility of pasture development by this species in soils with a higher clay content and wide range of temperature fluctuations. In general, this research demonstrates considering the importance of S. macrosiphon in terms of being an under-expected pasture and medicinal species, as well as taking into account limitations such as low rainfall, and irregular spatial and temporal changes. Due to (limited) rainfall, high evaporation and transpiration and unprincipled exploitation, the condition of the habitats is extremely fragile and will lead to the instability of these ecosystems. By planning and conducting optimal management of pasture and medicinal resources through the obtained information, it is possible to domesticate and cultivate this plant by following the microclimatic conditions of this plant and providing natural conditions for its growth and protecting its valuable genetic resources. After all, these studies help us to be able to use optimal methods to improve and preserve the soil and prevent its erosion through plant preservation.
Soil erosion has been increasing in Iran in the last decade due to the lack of optimal use of pasture and forest lands. This factor destroys the ecological conditions suitable for the life of organisms while wasting the soil and producing sediment. Preservation and development of vegetation in pastures, such as medicinal plants, plays a significant role in preventing soil erosion. Salvia macrosiphon Boiss is a perennial species and has an essential oil plant of the Lamiaceae family, which is traditionally used in the treatment of respiratory diseases, depression and urinary tracts. Considering that in recent years, due to the economic and export value of this species, its natural habitats have been overexploited, and also due to climate changes and extensive droughts of the past few years, as well as harvesting in this way, the process of soil erosion in its natural habitats has been accelerated. Therefore, the present study was conducted with the aim of investigating 19 ecological attributes of the main habitats of S. macrosiphon in Fars and Hormozgan provinces.
2- Methodology
In the current study, the natural habitats of this species were determined by using Flora Iranica and with the assistance of Hormozgan Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization experts. Characteristics of five habitats in Fars province (including Kazeroon, Farashband, Dehram, Evaz and Jahrom) and three habitats in Hormozgan province (including ZahedMahmoud, Bekhan and Sirmand) were studied. The climatic features of each natural habitat such as latitude and longitude, altitude, mean annual temperature, minimum and maximum temperature, and mean annual precipitation were recorded. From each habitat, three soil samples were taken from a depth of 0-30 cm. The percentages of clay, silt, sand, pH, electrical conductivity (EC), organic carbon, absorbable phosphorus, absorbable potassium, total nitrogen, calcium carbonate equivalent (CCE), absorbable iron, absorbable zinc, absorbable manganese and absorbable copper were measured. To analyze the studied environmental factors and the measured soil parameters, the multivariate analysis method including Pearson correlation coefficient of traits, decomposition into principal components and cluster analysis was used by SPSS ver. 26 software.
3- Results
The results revealed that S. macrosiphon was distributed at an altitude of 400 to 1550 meters above sea level in Kazeroon, Farashband, Dehram, Evaz, Jahrom, ZahedMahmoud, Bekhan and Sirmand natural habitats and on the slope between 0 to 20%. The maximum and minimum annual rainfall were recorded as 156.2 and 387.7 mm, respectively. The average annual temperature was recorded at 24.5 °C and also, the minimum and maximum temperatures were -3.8 and +49.5, respectively. This species grows in the loam, sandy loam and silt loam soil textures with a pH of 7.7-8.4, an EC of 0.47-6.87 dS/m. Furthermore, it was found that S. macrosiphon was spread in non-saline and saline soils (electrical conductivity 0.47 to 6.87 dS/m). The soil in which the species was grown in the studied areas was poor in terms of available potassium content (46 to 302 ppm). The highest concentration of absorbable Fe (6.7 mg/kg) in Farashband habitat, absorbable Zn (3.8 mg/kg) in Kazeroon habitat, absorbable Mn (0.28 mg/kg) in Kazeroon habitat and absorbable Cu (0.2 mg/kg) was observed in Zahedmahmoud habitat. On the other hand, the lowest concentration of absorbable Fe (1.5 mg/kg), absorbable Zn (0.6 mg/kg) and absorbable Mn (3.3 mg/kg) was observed in Dehram habitat. Also, the lowest amount of absorbable Cu (0.3 mg/kg) was obtained in the two habitats of Dehram and Evaz. Using cluster analysis, habitats were divided into four clusters according to which habitats with common characteristics were placed in the same group.
4- Discussion & Conclusions
The findings of this study showed that S. macrosiphon is resistant to hot and dry conditions. The two habitats of Dehram and Zahedmahmoud are prone to flooding due to the high percentage of silt in the soil texture. A high percentage of silt increases soil runoff during rainfall because the silt texture of the soil is one of the factors that prevents water from penetrating the soil. If the percentage of silt in the soil texture is high, the soil can absorb less water, and as a result, more water flows during rainfall, which can lead to soil erosion. The lack of absorbable phosphorus and potassium, as well as the lack of nitrogen and organic carbon, are the most obvious attributes of the soil of the S. macrosiphon habitats, which may cause limitations in its growth. The parent material of the soils of the studied areas originates from calcite limestone. In areas where the soil is calcareous, the temperature and pH are high. Based on the estimated Pearson correlation coefficient between the traits, it was determined that the higher organic carbon soil will have the higher amount of nitrogen. The presence of organic matter and the amount of nutrients have a direct relationship. This means that wherever the amount of organic matter is higher, the amount of nutrients is also higher. On the other hand, an increase in temperature leads to a decrease in soil organic matter. The results of analysis into the main components led to the extraction of five factors, which, according to the effectiveness of the variables, the selection based on the first component will lead to habitats with heavier soil texture and higher potassium concentration, which can provide a possibility of pasture development by this species in soils with a higher clay content and wide range of temperature fluctuations. In general, this research demonstrates considering the importance of S. macrosiphon in terms of being an under-expected pasture and medicinal species, as well as taking into account limitations such as low rainfall, and irregular spatial and temporal changes. Due to (limited) rainfall, high evaporation and transpiration and unprincipled exploitation, the condition of the habitats is extremely fragile and will lead to the instability of these ecosystems. By planning and conducting optimal management of pasture and medicinal resources through the obtained information, it is possible to domesticate and cultivate this plant by following the microclimatic conditions of this plant and providing natural conditions for its growth and protecting its valuable genetic resources. After all, these studies help us to be able to use optimal methods to improve and preserve the soil and prevent its erosion through plant preservation.
Received: 2023/07/18 | Published: 2023/12/31
References
1. Bello, S. K.; Alayafi, A. H.; AL-Solaimani, S. G.; & K. A. M. Abo-Elyousr, 2021. Mitigating Soil Salinity Stress With Gypsum And Bio-Organic Amendments: A Review, Agronomy, 11, 1735. [DOI:10.3390/agronomy11091735]
2. Bremner, J. M., 1996. Total Nitrogen. In Sparks, D. L. (Ed.) Methods Of Soil Analysis: Chemical Methods,Soil Science Society America, Madison, WI., Pp. 1085-1086.
3. Carter, M. R., & E. G. Gregorich., (2008). Soil Sampling And Methods Of Analysis (2nd Ed.). Canadian Society Of Soil Science. [DOI:10.1201/9781420005271]
4. Demšar, U.; Harris, P.; Brunsdon, C.; Fotheringham, A. S.; & S. Mcloone, 2013. Principal Component Analysis On Spatial Data: An Overview, Annals Of The Association Of American Geographers, 103(1), 106-128. [DOI:10.1080/00045608.2012.689236]
5. Ebadi, M., 2002. Pharmacodinamic Basis Of Herbal Medicine, Boca Raton: CRC Press.
6. Ebrahimi, M., & S. Ranjbar., (2016). Some Autecological Properties Of Medicinal Plant Of Salvia Hydrangea L. In Mazandaran, Iran. Journal Rangeland Sciences. 62, 3. 253-263. (In Persian).
7. Elbasiouny, H.; El-Ramady, H.; Elbehiry, F.; Rajput, V. D.; Minkina, T.; & S. Mandzhieva, 2022. Plant Nutrition Under Climate Change And Soil Carbon Sequestration, Sustainability, 14(2), 914. [DOI:10.3390/su14020914]
8. Eze, S.; Dougill, A. J.; Banwart, S. A.; Hermans, T. D. G.; Ligowe, I. S.; & C. Thierfelder, 2020. Impacts Of Conservation Agriculture On Soil Structure And Hydraulic Properties Of Malawian Agricultural Systems, Soil And Tillage Research, 201, 104639. [DOI:10.1016/j.still.2020.104639]
9. Fallah Huseini, H.; Fakhrzadeh, H.; Dastpak, A.; Azarabadi, M.; & R. Mohtashami Tokabny, 2005. Review Of Anti-Hyperlipedemic Herbal Medicine, Journal Of Medicinal Plants, 4(15), 9-20. (In Persian).
10. Gangwar, P.; Singh, R.; Trivedi, M.; & R. K. Tiwari, 2020. Sodic Soil: Management And Reclamation Strategies. In: Shukla, V., Kumar, N. (Eds) Environmental Concerns And Sustainable Development, Springer, Singapore. [DOI:10.1007/978-981-13-6358-0_8]
11. Ghasemi-Arian, A.; Rezvani-Moghaddam, P.; Naseripour Yazdi, M. T.; Mesdaghi, M.; & R. Ghorbani, 2017. Prediction Of Dorema Ammoniacum Density In Degraded Rangelands With Using Neural Network, Journal Of Plant Research, 29(4), 843-854.
12. Ghiat, I.; Mackey, H. R.; & T. Al-Ansari, 2021. A Review Of Evapotranspiration Measurement Models, Techniques And Methods For Open And Closed Agricultural Field Applications, Water, 13, 2523. [DOI:10.3390/w13182523]
13. Gran, M.; Carrera, J.; Massana, J.; Saaltink, M. W.; Olivella, S.; Ayora, C.; & A. Lloret, 2011. Dynamics Of Water Vapor Flux And Water Separation Processes During Evaporation From A Salty Dry Soil, Journal Of Hydrology, 396(3-4), 215-220. [DOI:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2010.11.011]
14. Hailu, B., & H. Mehari., (2021). Impacts Of Soil Salinity/Sodicity On Soil-Water Relations A Plant Growth In Dry Land Areas: A Review. Journal Of Natural Sciences Research. 12(3), 1-10.
15. Hamedi, A.; Jamshidzadeh, A.; Ahmadi, S.; Sohrabpour, M.; & M. M. Zarshenas, 2016. Salvia Macrosiphon Seeds And Seed Oil: Pharmacognostic, Anti-Inflammatory And Analgesic Properties, Research Journal Of Pharmacognosy, 3(4), 27-37. (In Persian)
16. Houston, J., 2006. Evaporation In The Atacama Desert: An Empirical Study Of Spatio-Temporal Variations And Their Causes, Journal Of Hydrology, 330(4), 402-412. [DOI:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2006.03.036]
17. Hue, N. V.; Uchida, R.; & M. C. Ho, 1998. Empirical Models For The Uptake Of Inorganic Chemicals From Soil By Plants, U.S Department Of Energy Office Of Environmental Management, 120 P.
18. Izadi, Z., & N. Mirazi., (2020). Identification Of Chemical Compounds And Evaluation Of Antioxidant And Antimicrobial Properties Of Sage (Salvia Officinalis L.) Essential Oil At Different Harvest Times. Qom University Of Medical Sciences Journal. 14(9), 1-15. (In Persian). [DOI:10.52547/qums.14.9.1]
19. Jackson, J. E., 1991. A User's Guide To Principal Components, Wiley, New York. [DOI:10.1002/0471725331]
20. Jafari, M.; Azarnivand, H.; Tavakoli, H.; Zehtabian, G.; & H. Esmailzadeh, 2004. Investigation On Different Vegetation Effects On Sand Dunes Stabilization And Improvement In Kashan, Pajouhesh-Va-Sazandegi, 17, 16-21. (In Persian).
21. Jamzad, Z., 2012. Flora Of Iran; Lamiaceae Family, Research Institute Of Forests And Rangelands, (76), 855-858. (In Persian).
22. Jiyanpour, M., & A.Yavari., (2022). Extraction And Determination Of Content And Composition Of Essential Oils Of Vegetative And Reproductive Organs Of Zataria Multiflora. Plant Process And Function. 11(49), 55-62.
23. Kabolizadeh, M.; Rangzan, K.; & S. Mohammadi, 2023. Estimation Of Soil Erodibility (K-Factor) In Iran Using Soilgrids And HWSD Spatial Databases, Watershed Management Research, 36(1), 13-33. (In Persian).
24. Karampoor, M.; Yousefi, A.; & N. Koohpaye, 2015. Relationship Between Climatic Elements With Vegetation Cover Of Meadows In The Hormozgan Province (A Case Study: Gymnocarpus Decander), Journal Of Natural Ecosystems Of Iran, 6(3), 41-48. (In Persian).
25. Kathpalia, R., & S. C. Bhatla., (2018). Plant Mineral Nutrition. In: Plant Physiology, Development And Metabolism. Springer, Singapore. [DOI:10.1007/978-981-13-2023-1_2]
26. Klik, A., & J. Rosner., (2020). Long-Term Experience With Conservation Tillage Practices In Austria: Impacts On Soil Erosion Processes. Soil And Tillage Research. 203, 104669. [DOI:10.1016/j.still.2020.104669]
27. Knudsen, D.; Peterson, G. A.; & P. F. Pratt, 1996. Lithium, Sodium And Potassium. In: A. L. Page (Ed) Methods Of Soil Analysis. Part 2, Second Edition, American Society Agronomy, Madison, WI, Pp: 403-429.
28. Latifi, N.; Meehan, C. L.; Muhd.Zaimi, A.; & S. Horpibulsuk, 2016. Strengthening Montmorillonitic And Kaolinitic Clays Using A Calcium-Based Non-Traditional Additive: A Micro-Level Study, Applied Clay Science, 132, 182-193. [DOI:10.1016/j.clay.2016.06.004]
29. Lindsay, W. L., & W. A. Norvell., (1978). Development Of A DTPA Soil Test For Zinc, Iron, Manganese, And Copper. Soil Science Society Of America Journal. 42(3), 421-428. [DOI:10.2136/sssaj1978.03615995004200030009x]
30. Liu, R.; Zhang, H.; & R. Lal, 2016. Effects Of Stabilized Nanoparticles Of Copper, Zinc, Manganese, And Iron Oxides In Low Concentrations On Lettuce (Lactuca Sativa) Seed Germination: Nanotoxicants Or Nanonutrients?, Water Air Soil Pollution, 227, 42. [DOI:10.1007/s11270-015-2738-2]
31. Luan, S.; Lan, W.; & S. C. Lee, 2009. Potassium Nutrition, Sodium Toxicity, And Calcium Signaling: Connections Through The CBL-CIPK Network, Current Opinion In Plant Biology, 12(3), 339-346. [DOI:10.1016/j.pbi.2009.05.003]
32. Mirdeilami, S. Z.; Heshmati, Gh. A.; Barani, H.; & Y. Hematzadeh, 2012. The Effect Of Several Soil And Topographical Factors On The Distribution Of Medicinal Species (A Case Study: Kachik Catchment Of Maravetappe), Journal Of Water And Soil Conservation, 19(1), 81-97. (In Persian).
33. Mohammadi, K.; Heidari, G.; Khalesro, S.; & Y. Sohrabi, 2011. Soil Management, Microorganisms And Organic Matter Interactions: A Review, African Journal Of Biotechnology, 10(84), 19840-19849. [DOI:10.5897/AJBX11.006]
34. Moghadam, A.; Mahmoodi Sourestani, M.; Farrokhian Firozi, A.; Ramazani, Z.; & F. Eskandari, 2014. The Effect Of Foliar Application Of Iron Chelate Type On Morphological Traits And Essential Oil Content Of Holy Basil, Journal Of Crop Improvment, 17(3), 595-606. (In Persian).
35. Moraffa, M.; Diyanati, G.; & H. Ghilichnia, 2015. Investigating The Relationship Between The Distribution Of Medicinal Plants And The Physicochemical Properties Of Soil In The Pastures Of Balde Noor, Ecophytochemistry Journal Of Medicinal Plants, 3(3), 22-34. (In Persian).
36. Mudd, S. M.; Howell, S. M.; & T. Morris, James, 2009. Impact Of Dynamic Feedbacks Between Sedimentation, Sea-Level Rise, And Biomass Production On Near-Surface Marsh, Stratigraphy And Carbon Accumulation, 82(3), 377-389. [DOI:10.1016/j.ecss.2009.01.028]
37. Nodehi, N., & M. Akbarlou., (2017). Investigation Of Species Diversity In Medicinal Plants Of Asadli-Pelmiss Summer Rangelands In North Khorasan Province. Journal Of Environmental Science And Technology. 19(5), 537-545. (In Persian).
38. Oualha, M.; Bibi, S.; Sulaiman, M.; & N. Zouari, 2020. Microbially Induced Calcite Precipitation In Calcareous Soils By Endogenous Bacillus Cereus, At High Ph And Harsh Weather, Journal Of Environmental Management, 257, 109965. [DOI:10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.109965]
39. Pan, G.; Smith, P.; & W. Pan, 2009. The Role Of Soil Organic Matter In Maintaining The Productivity And Yield Stability Of Cereals In China, Agriculture, Ecosystems And Environment, 129, 344-348. [DOI:10.1016/j.agee.2008.10.008]
40. Pepper, I. L., & M. L. Brusseau., (2019). Physical-Chemical Characteristics Of Soils And The Subsurface. Environmental And Pollution Science. 2, 9-22. [DOI:10.1016/B978-0-12-814719-1.00002-1]
41. Raeisi Monfared, A., & A. Yavari., (2020). Study On Nutrient Elements In Soil And Plant Of Some Salvia Santolinifolia Natural Habitats. Plant Process And Function. 9(39), 215-229. (In Persian)
42. Raeisi Monfared, A.; Yavari, A.; & N. Moradi, 2022. Investigation Of Ecological Characteristics And Their Effects On Essential Oil Yield Of Some Salvia Santolinifolia Boiss. Ecotypes In Hormozgan Province, Journal Of Advanced Researches In Medicinal Plants, 1(1), 11-22. (In Persian)
43. Rechinger, K. H., 1982. Flora Iranica (Vol. 152). Graz: Akademische Druck- Und Verlagsanstalt, Pp: 427-428.
44. Resetnik, I.; Baricevic, D.; BatıˆR Rusu, D.; Carovic'-Stanko, K.; Chatzopoulou, P.; Dajic'-Stevanovic', Z.; Gonceariuc, M.; GrdisˇA, M.; Gregurasˇ, D.; Ibraliu, A.; Jug-Dujakovic', M.; Krasniqi, E.; Liber, Z.; Murtic', S.; Pec'Anac, D.; Radosavljevic', I.; Stefkov, G.; StesˇEvic', D.; SosˇTaric, I.; Varbanova, K.; & Z. Satovic, 2016. Genetic Diversity And Demographic History Of Wild And Cultivated/Naturalised Plant Populations, Evidence From Dalmatian Sage (Salvia Officinalis L., Lamiaceae), Plos One. 11, 1-23. [DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0159545]
45. Sajadi, S. E.; Emami, S. A.; & R. Nemati, 2000. Composition Of The Essential Oil Of Salvia Macrosiphon Boiss, Pharmaceutical Sciences, (3), 51-56. (In Persian).
46. Sarkoohi, P.; Fathalipour, M.; Ghasemi, F.; Javidnia, K.; & M. Emamghoreishi, 2020. Antidepressant Effects Of The Aqueous And Hydroalcoholic Extracts Of Salvia Mirzayanii And Salvia Macrosiphon In Male Mice, Shiraz E-Medical Journal, 21(2), E91276. [DOI:10.5812/semj.91276]
47. Sarwar, N.; Malhi, S. S.; Zia, M. H.; Naeem, A.; Bibi, S.; & G. Farid, 2010. Role Of Mineral Nutrition In Minimizing Cadmium Accumulation By Plants, Journal Of The Science Of Food And Agriculture, 90(6), 925-937. [DOI:10.1002/jsfa.3916]
48. Schjønning, P.; Jensen, J. L.; Bruun, S.; Jensen, L. S.; Christensen, B. T.; Munkholm, L. J.; Oelofse, M.; Baby, S.; & L. Knudsen, 2018. The Role Of Soil Organic Matter For Maintaining Crop Yields: Evidence For A Renewed Conceptual Basis, Advances In Agronomy, 150, 35-79. [DOI:10.1016/bs.agron.2018.03.001]
49. Söderström, B.; Svensson, B.; & K. Vessby, 2001. Plants, Insects And Birds In Semi-Natural Pastures In Relation To Local Habitat And Landscape Factors, Biodiversity And Conservation, 10, 1839-1863. [DOI:10.1023/A:1013153427422]
50. Soltanipoor, M. A., 2005. Ecological Study On 10 Species Of Essential Plants Of Hormozgan Province, Iranian Journal Of Medicinal & Aromatic Plants, 20(4), 547-560. (In Persian).
51. Sparks, D. L.; Page, A. L.; Helmke, P. A.; & R. H. Loeppert, 2020. Methods Of Soil Analysis, Parts 3 And 4: Chemical Methods, Soil Science Society Of America.
52. Sparks, D. L., 1996. Method Of Soil Analysis. Part 3. Chemical Methods. American Society Of Agronomy.
53. Tahan, A., & E. Sabri., (2015). Evaluation Of Some Soils Chemical And Physical Properties In Two Rangeland Sites (Case Study: Summer (Warm Season) Rangeland Of Agh Dash -Shahindej County, Western Azerbaijan Province). Journal Of Renewable Natural Resources Research. 6(2), 55-64. (In Persian).
54. Yousefi, M.; Nazeri, V.; & M. Mirza, 2014. Study On Some Ecological Characteristics, Morphological Traits And Essential Oil Yield Of Salvia Leriifolia Benth, Iranian Journal Of Medicinal & Aromatic Plants, 29(1), 157-175. (In Persian)
55. Yuan, Y.; Tang, X.; Jia, Z.; Li, C.; Ma, J.; & J. Zhang, 2020. The Effects Of Ecological Factors On The Main Medicinal Components Of Dendrobium Officinale Under Different Cultivation Modes, Forests, 11(1), 94. [DOI:10.3390/f11010094]
Send email to the article author
| Rights and permissions | |
 |
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. |
