year 16, Issue 1 (Spring 2026)
E.E.R. 2026, 16(1): 44-63 |
Back to browse issues page
Download citation:
BibTeX | RIS | EndNote | Medlars | ProCite | Reference Manager | RefWorks
Send citation to:
BibTeX | RIS | EndNote | Medlars | ProCite | Reference Manager | RefWorks
Send citation to:
Moradi N, Alavi S, Farahani E, Nafarzadegan A R. Shrimp Waste Biochar for Soil Rehabilitation from Cadmium-Induced Degradation: Reduced Metal Bioavailability and Sustained Phytostability in Sporobolus arabicus. E.E.R. 2026; 16 (1) :44-63
URL: http://magazine.hormozgan.ac.ir/article-1-921-en.html
URL: http://magazine.hormozgan.ac.ir/article-1-921-en.html
Department of Natural Resources Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources Engineering, University of Hormozgan, Bandar-Abbas, Iran , nvz.moradi@hormozgan.ac.ir
Abstract: (296 Views)
Introduction
Soil contamination by heavy metals represents a critical threat to ecological sustainability, impairing soil quality while accelerating structural degradation and erosion processes. Cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), and nickel (Ni) pose severe risks to food security and human health due to their high toxicity, environmental persistence, and potential for bioaccumulation in food chains. Biochar has emerged as a sustainable soil amendment capable of reducing heavy metal bioavailability through its porous architecture, abundant surface functional groups, enhanced cation exchange capacity, pH modulation, and chemical immobilization mechanisms. Nevertheless, the efficacy of aquaculture-derived biochars, particularly those produced from shrimp shells, in combination with native halophytic species adapted to coastal ecosystems, remains insufficiently explored. This study was designed to evaluate the capacity of shrimp waste-derived biochar to immobilize Cd, Pb, and Ni in contaminated soil and modulate the physiological responses of the Sporobolus arabicus.
Materials and Methods
A factorial experiment was conducted under controlled conditions at the Hormozgan Natural Resources Nursery Station (Baghu Village, southern Iran) using a completely randomized design with three replications. Shrimp shell biochar was produced via slow pyrolysis at 450°C for 3 h under oxygen-limited conditions, followed by grinding and sieving through a 0.25-mm mesh. Surface soil (0–30 cm depth) collected from agricultural land near Bandar Abbas was artificially contaminated with cadmium nitrate at concentrations of 40 and 80 mg kg⁻¹. Following a two-week stabilization period, biochar suspensions were uniformly incorporated into the soil at rates of 4 and 8 g L⁻¹. After a 60-day incubation period, Sporobolus arabicus seedlings were transplanted into treated pots and maintained for 90 days under controlled environmental conditions (18–25°C, 50% field capacity). At harvest, the plant's dry biomass was recorded. Heavy metal concentrations (Cd, Pb, Ni) in soil and plant tissues were quantified using atomic absorption spectrometry following acid digestion. Soil chemical parameters (pH and electrical conductivity) were determined via saturated paste extract, and the bioconcentration factor (BCF) was calculated. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS software with analysis of variance and Duncan's multiple range test at p < 0.01.
Results
Analysis of variance revealed that cadmium contamination levels significantly influenced (p < 0.01) Cd content in plant and soil, electrical conductivity (EC), and soil Pb concentration. Biochar application exerted significant effects (p < 0.01) on all measured parameters except plant biomass. A significant interaction (p < 0.01) between contamination levels and biochar treatments was observed for BCF, Ni concentration, and soil pH. The minimum plant Cd concentration (4.74 mg kg⁻¹) occurred in the 8 g L⁻¹ biochar treatment, compared to 13.08 mg kg⁻¹ in the control. Maximum plant biomass (44.12 g) was recorded at 8 g L⁻¹ biochar, while the control yielded the lowest biomass (36.24 g). BCF decreased from 0.292 (control) to 0.137 (8 g L⁻¹), indicating restricted metal translocation to aerial plant parts. Soil heavy metal concentrations declined substantially: Cd from 45.69 to 34.54 mg kg⁻¹, Pb from 15.94 to 6.72 mg kg⁻¹ (at 4 g L⁻¹), and Ni from 18.03 to 8.33 mg kg⁻¹. EC decreased from 2.808 (control) to 1.667 dS m⁻¹ (8 g L⁻¹), while soil pH was moderated from 8.35 to 8.14. Notably, 4 g L⁻¹ biochar demonstrated optimal efficacy for Pb and Ni immobilization, whereas 8 g L⁻¹ proved superior for reducing plant Cd uptake and enhancing biomass production.
Discussion and Conclusion
The observed reduction in heavy metal bioavailability aligns with established biochar immobilization mechanisms, including surface adsorption, organic–metal complexation, and enhanced cation exchange capacity. The significant decline in BCF confirms restricted metal translocation to aboveground tissues—a critical attribute for phytostabilization strategies aimed at minimizing entry into food chains. Sporobolus arabicus exhibited remarkable resilience under elevated Cd stress (80 mg kg⁻¹), maintaining substantial biomass even in untreated controls, thereby confirming its suitability as a native species for phytoremediation of coastal soils in southern Iran. The reduction in soil EC likely reflects improved soil structure, enhanced permeability, and facilitated leaching of soluble salts. The modest pH decrease (8.35 to 8.14)—contrary to the typical alkalizing effect of biochar suggests context-dependent interactions between biochar properties and native soil chemistry; shrimp shell biochar apparently exerted a moderating influence in inherently alkaline coastal soils.
In conclusion, shrimp shell-derived biochar significantly reduced Cd uptake by Sporobolus arabicus and enhanced immobilization of Cd, Pb, and Ni in contaminated soil. Under elevated Cd contamination, the 4 g L⁻¹ application rate demonstrated optimal efficacy for improving soil properties and reducing Pb and Ni bioavailability. We therefore recommend application of shrimp waste-derived biochar at 4 g L⁻¹ for remediation of heavy metal-contaminated soils in southern coastal Iran. Furthermore, Sporobolus arabicus is strongly recommended for phytoremediation applications in this region owing to its ecological adaptability, robust growth under metal stress, and inherent capacity to extract heavy metals even without amendment. This integrated approach, simultaneously converting aquacultural waste into a functional soil amendment while deploying regionally adapted vegetation, offers a novel circular-economy framework for sustainable restoration of contaminated coastal ecosystems.
Soil contamination by heavy metals represents a critical threat to ecological sustainability, impairing soil quality while accelerating structural degradation and erosion processes. Cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), and nickel (Ni) pose severe risks to food security and human health due to their high toxicity, environmental persistence, and potential for bioaccumulation in food chains. Biochar has emerged as a sustainable soil amendment capable of reducing heavy metal bioavailability through its porous architecture, abundant surface functional groups, enhanced cation exchange capacity, pH modulation, and chemical immobilization mechanisms. Nevertheless, the efficacy of aquaculture-derived biochars, particularly those produced from shrimp shells, in combination with native halophytic species adapted to coastal ecosystems, remains insufficiently explored. This study was designed to evaluate the capacity of shrimp waste-derived biochar to immobilize Cd, Pb, and Ni in contaminated soil and modulate the physiological responses of the Sporobolus arabicus.
Materials and Methods
A factorial experiment was conducted under controlled conditions at the Hormozgan Natural Resources Nursery Station (Baghu Village, southern Iran) using a completely randomized design with three replications. Shrimp shell biochar was produced via slow pyrolysis at 450°C for 3 h under oxygen-limited conditions, followed by grinding and sieving through a 0.25-mm mesh. Surface soil (0–30 cm depth) collected from agricultural land near Bandar Abbas was artificially contaminated with cadmium nitrate at concentrations of 40 and 80 mg kg⁻¹. Following a two-week stabilization period, biochar suspensions were uniformly incorporated into the soil at rates of 4 and 8 g L⁻¹. After a 60-day incubation period, Sporobolus arabicus seedlings were transplanted into treated pots and maintained for 90 days under controlled environmental conditions (18–25°C, 50% field capacity). At harvest, the plant's dry biomass was recorded. Heavy metal concentrations (Cd, Pb, Ni) in soil and plant tissues were quantified using atomic absorption spectrometry following acid digestion. Soil chemical parameters (pH and electrical conductivity) were determined via saturated paste extract, and the bioconcentration factor (BCF) was calculated. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS software with analysis of variance and Duncan's multiple range test at p < 0.01.
Results
Analysis of variance revealed that cadmium contamination levels significantly influenced (p < 0.01) Cd content in plant and soil, electrical conductivity (EC), and soil Pb concentration. Biochar application exerted significant effects (p < 0.01) on all measured parameters except plant biomass. A significant interaction (p < 0.01) between contamination levels and biochar treatments was observed for BCF, Ni concentration, and soil pH. The minimum plant Cd concentration (4.74 mg kg⁻¹) occurred in the 8 g L⁻¹ biochar treatment, compared to 13.08 mg kg⁻¹ in the control. Maximum plant biomass (44.12 g) was recorded at 8 g L⁻¹ biochar, while the control yielded the lowest biomass (36.24 g). BCF decreased from 0.292 (control) to 0.137 (8 g L⁻¹), indicating restricted metal translocation to aerial plant parts. Soil heavy metal concentrations declined substantially: Cd from 45.69 to 34.54 mg kg⁻¹, Pb from 15.94 to 6.72 mg kg⁻¹ (at 4 g L⁻¹), and Ni from 18.03 to 8.33 mg kg⁻¹. EC decreased from 2.808 (control) to 1.667 dS m⁻¹ (8 g L⁻¹), while soil pH was moderated from 8.35 to 8.14. Notably, 4 g L⁻¹ biochar demonstrated optimal efficacy for Pb and Ni immobilization, whereas 8 g L⁻¹ proved superior for reducing plant Cd uptake and enhancing biomass production.
Discussion and Conclusion
The observed reduction in heavy metal bioavailability aligns with established biochar immobilization mechanisms, including surface adsorption, organic–metal complexation, and enhanced cation exchange capacity. The significant decline in BCF confirms restricted metal translocation to aboveground tissues—a critical attribute for phytostabilization strategies aimed at minimizing entry into food chains. Sporobolus arabicus exhibited remarkable resilience under elevated Cd stress (80 mg kg⁻¹), maintaining substantial biomass even in untreated controls, thereby confirming its suitability as a native species for phytoremediation of coastal soils in southern Iran. The reduction in soil EC likely reflects improved soil structure, enhanced permeability, and facilitated leaching of soluble salts. The modest pH decrease (8.35 to 8.14)—contrary to the typical alkalizing effect of biochar suggests context-dependent interactions between biochar properties and native soil chemistry; shrimp shell biochar apparently exerted a moderating influence in inherently alkaline coastal soils.
In conclusion, shrimp shell-derived biochar significantly reduced Cd uptake by Sporobolus arabicus and enhanced immobilization of Cd, Pb, and Ni in contaminated soil. Under elevated Cd contamination, the 4 g L⁻¹ application rate demonstrated optimal efficacy for improving soil properties and reducing Pb and Ni bioavailability. We therefore recommend application of shrimp waste-derived biochar at 4 g L⁻¹ for remediation of heavy metal-contaminated soils in southern coastal Iran. Furthermore, Sporobolus arabicus is strongly recommended for phytoremediation applications in this region owing to its ecological adaptability, robust growth under metal stress, and inherent capacity to extract heavy metals even without amendment. This integrated approach, simultaneously converting aquacultural waste into a functional soil amendment while deploying regionally adapted vegetation, offers a novel circular-economy framework for sustainable restoration of contaminated coastal ecosystems.
Type of Study: Research |
Received: 2026/02/12 | Published: 2026/04/16
Received: 2026/02/12 | Published: 2026/04/16
References
1. Ahmad, M., Ok, Y. S., Kim, B. Y., Ahn, J. H., Lee, Y. H., Zhang, M., Moon, D. H., Al-Wabel, M. I., & Lee, S. S. (2016). Impact of soybean stover- and pine needle-derived biochars on Pb and As mobility, microbial community, and carbon stability in a contaminated agricultural soil. Journal of Environmental Management, 166, 131-139. [DOI:10.1016/j.jenvman.2015.10.014]
2. Ahmad, P., & Sharma, S. (2010). Physio-biochemical attributes in two cultivars of mulberry (Morus alba L.) under NaHCO₃ stress. International Journal of Plant Production, 4(2), 173-186.
3. Al-Wabel, M. I., Usman, A. R. A., El-Naggar, A. H., Aly, A. A., Ibrahim, M., Elmaghraby, S., & Al-Omran, A. (2015). Conocarpus biochar as a soil amendment for reducing heavy metal availability and uptake by maize plants. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences, 22(4), 503-511. [DOI:10.1016/j.sjbs.2014.11.009]
4. Antonangelo, J. A., & Zhang, H. (2019). Heavy metal phytoavailability in a contaminated soil of northeastern Oklahoma as affected by biochar amendment. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 26(33), 33582-33593.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-06497-w [DOI:10.1007/s11356-019-06463-5]
5. Baghaie, A. (2018). Interaction effect of municipal waste compost and pistachio residues biochar on decreasing cadmium stress in shallot (A case study: Zarandieh municipal waste compost). Journal of Health, 9(3), 277-290. http://healthjournal.arums.ac.ir/article-1-1558-fa.html [In Persian] [DOI:10.29252/j.health.9.3.277]
6. Banat, K. M., Howari, F. M., & Al-Hamada, A. A. (2005). Heavy metals in urban soils of central Jordan: Should we worry about their environmental risks? Environmental Research, 97(3), 258-273. [DOI:10.1016/j.envres.2004.02.011]
7. Bashir, S., Hussain, Q., Akmal, M., Riaz, M., Hu, H., Ijaz, S. S., Iqbal, M., Abro, S., Mehmood, S., & Ahmad, M. (2018). Sugarcane bagasse-derived biochar reduces the cadmium and chromium bioavailability to mash bean and enhances the microbial activity in contaminated soil. Journal of Soils and Sediments, 18(2), 874-886.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11368-017-1796-z [DOI:10.1007/s11368-017-1824-7]
8. Beesley, L., Moreno-Jiménez, E., Gómez-Eyles, J. L., Harris, E., Robinson, B., & Sizmur, T. (2010). A review of biochars' potential role in the remediation, revegetation and restoration of contaminated soils. Environmental Pollution, 159(12), 3269-3282. [DOI:10.1016/j.envpol.2011.07.023]
9. Bian, R., Joseph, S., Cui, L., Pan, G., Li, L., Liu, X., Zhang, A., Rutlidge, H., Wong, S., Chia, C., Marjo, C., Gong, B., Munroe, P., & Donne, S. (2014). A three-year experiment confirms continuous immobilization of cadmium and lead in a contaminated paddy field with biochar amendment. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 272, 121-128. [DOI:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2014.03.017]
10. Campos, P., & De la Rosa, J. M. (2020). Assessing the effects of biochar on the immobilization of trace elements and plant development in a naturally contaminated soil. Sustainability, 12(15), 6025. [DOI:10.3390/su12156025]
11. Carter, S., Shackley, S., Sohi, S., Suy, T. B., & Haefele, S. M. (2013). The impact of biochar application on soil properties and plant growth of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) and cabbage (Brassica chinensis). Agronomy, 3(2), 404-418. [DOI:10.3390/agronomy3020404]
12. Corwin, D. L., & Yemoto, K. (1996). Salinity: Electrical conductivity and total dissolved solids. In D. L. Sparks (Ed.), Methods of soil analysis: Part 3-Chemical methods (pp. 417-462). Soil Science Society of America. [DOI:10.2136/sssabookser5.3.c14]
13. Cosio, C., Martinoia, E., & Keller, C. (2004). Hyperaccumulation of cadmium and zinc in Thlaspi caerulescens and Arabidopsis halleri at the leaf cellular level. Plant Physiology, 134(2), 716-725.
https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.103.031948 [DOI:10.1104/pp.103.035840]
14. Cui, L., Li, L., Zhang, A., Pan, G., Bao, D., & Chang, A. (2011). Biochar amendment greatly reduces rice Cd uptake in a contaminated paddy soil: A two-year field experiment. BioResources, 6(3), 2605-2618. [DOI:10.15376/biores.6.3.2605-2618]
15. Enaime, G., Baçaoui, A., Yaacoubi, A., & Lübken, M. (2020). Biochar for wastewater treatment: Conversion technologies and applications. Applied Sciences, 10(10), 3492. [DOI:10.3390/app10103492]
16. Facchinelli, A., Sacchi, E., & Mallen, L. (2001). Multivariate statistical and GIS-based approach to identify heavy metal sources in soils. Environmental Pollution, 114(2), 313-324. [DOI:10.1016/S0269-7491(00)00243-8]
17. Ferronato, N., & Torretta, V. (2019). Waste mismanagement in developing countries: A review of global issues. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(6), 1060. [DOI:10.3390/ijerph16061060]
18. Feyzi, K., Amirinejad, A. A., & Ghobadi, M. (2021). The effects of biochar and salicylic acid on reducing Pb-induced stress in basil crop (Ocimum basilicum L.). Iranian Journal of Soil and Water Research, 52(2), 539-547. [DOI:10.22059/ijswr.2020.313282.668795]
19. Gholami, L., & Rahimi, G. (2020). The effect of carrot pulp derived biochar on the adsorption of cadmium and lead in an acidic soil. Journal of Water and Soil Conservation, 27(2), 1-23. [DOI:10.22069/jwsc.2020.16807.3230]
20. Gómez, J. L., Sizmur, T., Collins, M., & Hodson, M. E. (2011). Effects of biochar and the earthworm Eisenia fetida on the bioavailability of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and potentially toxic elements. Environmental Pollution, 159(3), 616-622. [DOI:10.1016/j.envpol.2010.09.037]
21. Hamzaei, A., Lakzian, A., Astaraei, A. R., & Fotouh, A. (2012). Effect of biochar and wastewater on DTPA-extractable cadmium concentration in soil and mung bean (Vigna radiata) growth [Paper presentation]. 3rd National Conference on Integrated Water Resources Management, Mashhad, Iran.
22. Hejazizadeh, A., Gholamalizadeh Ahangar, A., & Ghorbani, M. (2016). Effect of biochar on lead and cadmium uptake from applied paper factory sewage sludge by sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.). Water and Soil Science, 26(1-2), 259-271. [In Persian]
23. Houben, D., Evrard, L., & Sonnet, P. (2013). Beneficial effects of biochar application to contaminated soils on the bioavailability of Cd, Pb, and Zn and the biomass production of rapeseed (Brassica napus L.). Biomass and Bioenergy, 57, 196-204. [DOI:10.1016/j.biombioe.2013.07.014]
24. Hu, Y., Liu, X., Bai, J., Shih, K., Zeng, E. Y., & Cheng, H. (2013). Assessing heavy metal pollution in the surface soils of a region that underwent rapid industrialization and urbanization. Environmental Pollution, 181, 1-9. [DOI:10.1016/j.envpol.2013.05.037]
25. Jalalipour, S., Gholamalizadeh Ahangar, A., & Lakzian, A. (2013). Effect of biochar application on quantitative characteristics of sunflower (Helianthus annuus) in cadmium-contaminated soils [Paper presentation]. 2nd National Conference on New Approaches in Agriculture, Mashhad, Iran.
26. Jia, L., Wang, W., Li, Y., & Yang, L. (2010). Heavy metals in soil and crops of an intensively farmed area: A case study in Yucheng city, Shandong province, China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 7(2), 395-412. [DOI:10.3390/ijerph7020395]
27. Jiang, J., Xu, R., Jiang, T., & Li, Z. (2012). Immobilization of Cu(II), Pb(II), and Cd(II) by the addition of rice straw-derived biochar to a simulated polluted Ultisol. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 229-230, 145-150. [DOI:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2012.05.063]
28. Khan, M. I., Fatma, M., Per, T. S., Anjum, N. A., & Khan, N. A. (2015). Salicylic acid-induced abiotic stress tolerance and underlying mechanisms in plants. Frontiers in Plant Science, 6, 462. [DOI:10.3389/fpls.2015.00462]
29. Kim, K. H., Kim, J.-Y., Cho, T.-S., & Choi, J. W. (2012). Influence of pyrolysis temperature on physicochemical properties of biochar obtained from the fast pyrolysis of pitch pine (Pinus rigida). Bioresource Technology, 118, 158-162. [DOI:10.1016/j.biortech.2012.05.031]
30. Lehmann, J., Gaunt, J., & Rondon, M. (2006). Bio-char sequestration in terrestrial ecosystems-A review. Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change, 11(2), 403-427. [DOI:10.1007/s11027-005-9006-5]
31. Liu, T., Liu, B., & Zhang, W. (2014). Nutrients and heavy metals in biochar produced by sewage sludge pyrolysis: Its application in soil amendment. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies, 23(1), 271-275. [DOI:10.15244/pjoes/171660]
32. Lone, M. I., He, Z., Stoffella, P. J., & Yang, X. (2008). Phytoremediation of heavy metal polluted soils and water: Progresses and perspectives. Journal of Zhejiang University SCIENCE B, 9(3), 210-220.
https://doi.org/10.1631/jzus.B0710633 [DOI:10.1631/jzus.B0700060]
33. Martins, G. C., Penido, E. S., Alvarenga, I. F. S., Teodoro, J. C., Bianchi, M. L., & Guilherme, L. R. G. (2018). Amending potential of organic and industrial by-products applied to heavy metal-rich mining soils. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 162, 581-590. [DOI:10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.06.075]
34. Moore, F., González, M. E., Khan, N., Curaqueo, G., Sanchez-Monedero, M., Rillig, M. C., Morales, E., Panichini, M., Mutis, A., & Jorquera, M. (2018). Copper immobilization by biochar and microbial community abundance in metal-contaminated soils. Science of the Total Environment, 616-617, 960-969. [DOI:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.10.192]
35. Moshtagh, R., Moradi, N., & Gholami, H. (2022). Investigation of the role of biochar from eggplant plant residues and shrimp waste on some soil stability characteristics. Environmental Erosion Research, 12(1), 1-17. [DOI:10.22034/jdmal.2022.563479.1398 [In Persian]]
36. Motaghian, H. R., Kabiri, P., & Hosseinpur, A. (2018). Phytoremediation potential of maize (Zea mays L.) using biochars produced from walnut leaves in a contaminated soil. Journal of Water and Soil Conservation, 25(4), 133-152. [DOI:10.22069/jwsc.2018.14953.3008]
37. Moyo, M., Lindiwe, S. T., Sebata, E., Nyamunda, B. C., & Guyo, U. (2016). Equilibrium, kinetic, and thermodynamic studies on biosorption of Cd(II) from aqueous solution by biochar. Research on Chemical Intermediates, 42(2), 1349-1362.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11164-015-2089-z [DOI:10.1007/s11164-015-2183-7]
38. Najafi, Z., Golchin, A., Alamdari, P., & Askari, M. S. (2020). The effects of chitosan composites on the concentrations of cadmium and some nutrients of lettuce plant. Iranian Journal of Soil and Water Research, 51(7), 1605-1622. [DOI:10.22059/ijswr.2020.295558.668468 [In Persian]]
39. Namgay, T., Singh, B., & Singh, B. P. (2010). Influence of biochar application to soil on the availability of As, Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn to maize (Zea mays L.). Soil Research, 48(7), 638-647. [DOI:10.1071/SR10049]
40. O'Connor, D., Peng, T., Zhang, J., Tsang, D. C. W., Alessi, D. S., Shen, Z., Bolan, N. S., & Hou, D. (2018). Biochar application for the remediation of heavy metal polluted land: A review of in situ field trials. Science of the Total Environment, 618, 815-826. [DOI:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.11.063]
41. Pagotto, C., Rémy, N., Legret, M., & Le Cloirec, P. (2001). Heavy metal pollution of road dust and roadside soil near a major rural highway. Environmental Technology, 22(3), 307-319. [DOI:10.1080/09593332208618270]
42. Paz-Ferreiro, J., Lu, H., Fu, S., Méndez, A., & Gascó, G. (2014). Use of phytoremediation and biochar to remediate heavy metal polluted soils: A review. Solid Earth, 5(1), 65-75. [DOI:10.5194/se-5-65-2014]
43. Radziemska, M., Vaverková, M. D., Adamcová, D., Brtnický, M., & Mazur, Z. (2019). Valorization of fish waste compost as a fertilizer for agricultural use. Waste and Biomass Valorization, 10(9), 2537-2545. [DOI:10.1007/s12649-018-0273-2]
44. Rahimi, T., Moezzi, A., & Hojatti, S. (2019). Effect of biochar and nickel levels on concentration of nickel and some micronutrients in corn. Iranian Journal of Soil Research, 32(4), 527-536. [DOI:10.22092/ijsr.2019.118560 [In Persian]]
45. Ryan, J., Estefan, G., & Rashid, A. (2007). Soil and plant analysis laboratory manual (2nd ed.). International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas.
46. Sekabira, K., Oryem-Origa, H., Mutumba, G., Kakudidi, E., & Basamba, T. A. (2011). Heavy metal phytoremediation by Commelina benghalensis (L.) and Cynodon dactylon (L.) growing in urban stream sediments. International Journal of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, 3(8), 133-142.
47. Sharma, P., & Dubey, R. S. (2005). Lead toxicity in plants. Brazilian Journal of Plant Physiology, 17(1), 35-52. [DOI:10.1590/S1677-04202005000100004]
48. Szalinska, E., Ganczarczyk, K., Fryer, B. J., & Haffner, G. D. (2006). Distribution of heavy metals in sediments of the Detroit River. Journal of Great Lakes Research, 32(3), 442-454. [DOI:10.3394/0380-1330(2006)32[442:DOHMIS]2.0.CO;2]
49. Tan, X., Liu, Y., Gu, Y., Zeng, G., Wang, X., Hu, X., Sun, Z., & Yang, Z. (2015). Immobilization of Cd(II) in acid soil amended with different biochars with a long term of incubation. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 22(16), 12597-12604.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-015-4523-6 [DOI:10.1007/s11356-015-4549-8]
50. Valizadeh Ghale Beig, A., Nemati, S. H., Emami, H., & Aroie, H. (2019). The effect of cutflower-rose waste biochar on morphological traits and heavy metals in lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. cv. Syaho). Journal of Soil and Plant Interactions, 10(4), 21-35. [DOI:10.47176/jspi.10.4.10573]
51. Wang, N., Xue, X., Juhasz, A. L., Chang, Z., & Li, H. (2017). Biochar increases arsenic release from an anaerobic paddy soil due to enhanced microbial reduction of iron and arsenic. Environmental Pollution, 220(Pt A), 514-522. [DOI:10.1016/j.envpol.2016.09.089]
52. Woldetsadik, D., Drechsel, P., Keraita, B., Marschner, B., Itanna, F., & Gebrekidan, H. (2016). Effects of biochar and alkaline amendments on cadmium immobilization, selected nutrient and cadmium concentrations of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) in two contrasting soils. SpringerPlus, 5(1), 397.
https://doi.org/10.1186/s40064-016-2019-6 [DOI:10.1186/s40064-016-2032-z]
53. Wong, S. C., Li, X. D., Zhang, G., Qi, S. H., & Min, Y. S. (2002). Heavy metals in agricultural soils of the Pearl River Delta, South China. Environmental Pollution, 119(1), 33-44.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0269-7491(01)00325-6 [DOI:10.1016/S0269-7491(01)00303-1]
54. Xu, M., Wu, J., Luo, L., Yang, G., Zhang, X., Peng, H., Yu, X., & Wang, L. (2018). The factors affecting biochar application in restoring heavy metal-polluted soil and its potential applications. Chemistry and Ecology, 34(3), 177-197.
https://doi.org/10.1080/02757540.2017.1404992 [DOI:10.1080/02757540.2017.1410543]
55. Xu, C., Chen, H., Xiang, X., Zhu, H., Wang, S., Zhu, Q., Huang, D., You, H., & Zhu, Y. (2018). Effect of peanut shell and wheat straw biochar on the availability of Cd and Pb in a soil-rice (Oryza sativa L.) system. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 25(2), 1147-1156.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-017-0495-z [DOI:10.1007/s11356-017-0591-6]
56. Yu, Z., Qiu, W., Wang, F., Lei, M., Wang, D., & Song, Z. (2017). Effects of manganese oxide-modified biochar composites on arsenic speciation and accumulation in an indica rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivar. Chemosphere, 168, 341-349. [DOI:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.10.118]
57. Zhang, M., Shan, S., Chen, Y., Wang, F., Yang, D., Ren, J., Lu, H., Ping, L., & Chai, Y. (2019). Biochar reduces cadmium accumulation in rice grains in a tungsten mining area-Field experiment: Effects of biochar type and dosage, rice variety, and pollution level. Environmental Geochemistry and Health, 41(1), 43-52.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-018-0120-1 [DOI:10.1007/s10653-018-0122-7]
58. Zacchini, M., Pietrini, F., Mugnozza, G. S., Iori, V., Pietrosanti, L., & Massacci, A. (2009). Metal tolerance, accumulation, and translocation in poplar and willow clones treated with cadmium in hydroponics. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 197(1-4), 23-34. [DOI:10.1007/s11270-008-9788-7]
59. Zibaei, Z., Ghasemi, R., & Ostovar, P. (2017). Effects of rice husk biochar and residues on growth and chemical composition of bean in a sewage sludge-treated calcareous soil. Journal of Natural Environment, 70(4), 869-880. [DOI:10.22059/jne.2017.224190.1305]
Send email to the article author
| Rights and permissions | |
 |
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. |
